Every creature that seizes its prey and lives on flesh is deemed a predatory beast; this is the well-known position of Mālik. It is also related from him that there is no objection to eating the fox or the rock hyrax, and he did not put them in the same class as the lion, the wolf, the cheetah, the leopard, or the hyena. The cat—whether feral or domestic—may not be eaten, whereas the hare is permissible.
In Mālik’s view, all birds may be eaten without exception: birds of prey and others alike, those that eat carrion and those that do not, whether they possess talons or are without them. He likewise sees no harm in eating the desert lizard (ḍabb), the jerboa, or the monitor lizard. According to him it is also permissible to eat snakes provided they are ritually slaughtered, and the same ruling applies to vipers, the large lizard, the hedgehog, and the frog.
A group of Medinan scholars, however, do not allow the consumption of birds of prey, of birds that feed on carrion, of jallālah livestock that habitually eat filth, or of any creeping creature of the earth such as snakes, geckos, mice, and the like. In their view, whatever one is permitted to kill may not be eaten, and ritual slaughter is of no effect in such cases; this is the opinion of Ashhab, ʿUrwah, and a number of Medinan authorities and others.
There is no objection to eating dead fish, whether they are found floating or sunk; indeed, all game from the sea is lawful. Mālik, nonetheless, dislikes the “water pig” because of its very name, and likewise the “water dog.” He has no reservation about eating crab, turtle, or frog, and the fact that Magians may be the ones to catch the fish is of no consequence, for fish require no ritual slaughter.
As for locusts, Mālik rules that those which die of themselves may not be eaten; they become lawful only when their death results from human action or intervention, such as cutting them or throwing them into fire. Other scholars allow locusts to be eaten however they may have died, treating them in this respect just like fish.