he released it close to the sanctuary; and in either case, Mālik rules that the flesh must not be eaten.

Whoever kills a game animal and then eats it is liable for only one expiation, for the expiation in our view is a kaffara (atonement), not a fidya (monetary ransom).

If several people—whether in ihram or not—join in killing a single animal inside the sanctuary, each of them must pay the full expiation. A non-muhrim who hunts within the sanctuary is treated like a muhrim whether he is inside or outside it. When the sanctity of ihram and that of the sanctuary coincide, only one expiation is required, and there is no difference in this regard between someone performing qiran and someone performing ifrad.

Any game that a muhrim is permitted to kill may likewise be killed by a non-muhrim inside the sanctuary. A muhrim, however, may not slaughter any domesticated bird whose species is originally wild, nor the tower-dove; chickens and geese, on the other hand, are treated like cattle and sheep.

Neither a muhrim nor a non-muhrim may cut, break, or harvest any of the sanctuary’s untended trees. There is no objection to cutting palms and other trees that people have planted. Grazing livestock in the sanctuary and lopping branches for them to browse have been allowed, and according to Mālik no expiation is due for cutting the sanctuary’s trees.

Mālik disliked a muhrim’s killing of the hyena, the fox, or the cat, and held that anyone who kills either of the first two must pay the expiation. Concerning all wild birds—predatory or otherwise—if a muhrim kills any of them he owes the expiation, except for the kite and the crow. He likewise disliked killing the pig, the monkey, or the gecko, but if a person fears harm to himself or his property from any of these, he may kill it.

Mālik made a distinction between young crows and the young of snakes, mice, and scorpions: he permitted killing the latter three but disliked killing nestling crows, even though they cause harm while still small. He also said of a small snake that the muhrim should not kill it, and maintained that a muhrim may not kill any land creature unless he fears harm from it to himself. Nor may a muhrim delouse his mount, nor