Ibn ʿUmar said, “Whoever intentionally induces vomiting while fasting must make up the day, whereas the one who is overtaken by vomit bears no liability.” A report with the same wording is related from Abu Hurayra, traced back to the Prophet ﷺ.

Anyone who customarily finds that kohl applied to the eyes reaches his throat should abstain from it. Kissing is disliked for a fasting person because it can easily lead to intercourse or ejaculation. If he kisses and nothing further happens, no obligation is incurred; but if he kisses and releases madhiy (pre-seminal fluid), he should make up the day—though even here the make-up is deemed recommended rather than compulsory.

Whoever is required to fast two consecutive months as an expiation—whether for deliberately breaking a Ramadan fast, for the expiation of ẓihār (the oath likening one’s wife to one’s mother), or for unintentional killing—and then breaks the fast for one day must start the entire count over, unless the person is a woman who menstruates or experiences post-partum bleeding. In her case, she may resume and continue the tally once she regains ritual purity. The same concession applies to a sick person: if he resumes fasting at the first moment he is able, continuity is preserved; if he does not, he must begin again. The same rule applies to one who breaks the fast out of forgetfulness.