—in which case she incurs no responsibility unless the impurity is the same colour as the garment and therefore cannot be seen.
Whoever is certain that impurity is on one side of his garment must wash that side; but if he knows the garment is defiled yet cannot locate the spot, he must wash the whole garment.
If the impurity gives off a smell, he should strive to eliminate the odour and purify the place. When the impurity is fluid, he pours water over it until the water overwhelms and removes it; the affected spot—whether earth, cloth, or body—is then pure.
If someone burns an impure substance, its ashes remain impure, for fire does not remove impurity. Nothing cleanses it except water, apart from the concessions already mentioned concerning istinjāʾ and the divergent reports we cited about wiping a leather sock soiled with the dung of riding animals—he sometimes allowed it and at other times required it to be washed. Should urine or moist filth touch the leather sock, it must unquestionably be washed.
A person afflicted with chronic incontinence is not obliged to wash whatever soils his clothes unless it becomes abundant and offensive; imposing the washing of something that never fully ceases would constitute undue hardship, and Allah has not placed hardship upon the community. He should, however, take precautions by using cloth pads and wraps.