—his estate devolves to the collective body of the Muslims, provided that he was a free Muslim who had not committed deliberate homicide. Slavery, unbelief, and intentional murder are, by unanimous agreement, barriers that prevent inheritance.

The estate of an apostate who is executed for his apostasy goes to the Muslim community, for he is a disbeliever with no covenant; his property is treated as fayʾ (public booty), and neither his Muslim nor his non-Muslim relatives inherit from him. A Muslim does not inherit from a disbeliever, nor a disbeliever from a Muslim, and people of two divergent religions do not inherit from one another. Thus a Jew may not inherit from a Christian, nor a Magian, and they may not inherit from him; the same rule applies to every pair of differing creeds.

The estate of a foundling belongs to the Muslim community, not to the person who discovered the child. Likewise, anyone who embraces Islam at the hands of another acquires no bond of walāʾ (clientage) with that person and therefore has no right to inherit from him.

Twins born after a case of liʿān (mutual imprecation between husband and wife) inherit from both their father and their mother, whereas the twins of an adulteress inherit only through their mother. Mālik and his companions differed about the twins of a raped woman: one opinion treats her like the adulteress, while the other likens the case to liʿān, since the ḥadd punishment is waived for the mother and the paternal lineage is severed. Abū Zayd transmitted from Ibn al-Qāsim, from Ibn al-Samḥ, from Mālik that when a raped woman gives birth to twins, they inherit from their father as well.

The son produced after liʿān does not inherit from his father or from anyone through his father’s line. His heirs are his mother and his maternal siblings; whatever remains after their fixed shares goes to the Muslims’ public treasury—unless his mother is the freedwoman of a certain clan, in which case that clan becomes his ʿaṣaba (agnatic heirs), for patrons inherit by virtue of walāʾ through agnation. If the son of liʿān has no maternal brothers who inherit alongside their mother, then neither his mother nor her agnatic kin become his ʿaṣaba, and nothing is returned to his mother or siblings; any surplus beyond his mother’s share, or beyond the shares of his mother and maternal siblings, goes to the public treasury.

If the son of liʿān leaves a son and a mother, the mother receives one-sixth and the remainder goes to his son. If he leaves a daughter and a mother, the daughter receives one-half, the mother one-sixth, and whatever remains passes to his mother’s patrons, should she be a freedwoman.