If the creditors refuse to confirm the emancipation of a slave and that slave subsequently dies, any estate he leaves reverts to his master; none of his free relatives inherits from him.

When a man sets his slaves free while solvent and later becomes bankrupt, their emancipation is not revoked. Likewise, if he frees them while insolvent and later becomes solvent, the emancipation remains valid.

Whoever emancipates a slave when he owns nothing else and owes a debt that is less than the slave’s value must sell the slave to the extent required to satisfy the debt; whatever portion of the slave’s value exceeds the debt becomes free.

A married woman may not emancipate a slave whose value exceeds one-third of her wealth without her husband’s permission. If she owns no property other than that slave and nevertheless frees him, the act is void in its entirety—whether with respect to the whole of him or to one third—according to the sounder opinion in the school. It is, however, reported from Malik, and from a group of his students, that the emancipation is effective up to one third. Some scholars of Medina go further and hold that, while she is in good health, she may dispose of all her wealth just as a man may, and that her husband has no right to object to property he does not own, for nothing of it is lawful to him except with her willing consent.

A slave may not validly manumit another slave without his master’s permission. Should he do so, the master may either ratify or annul the act. If he ratifies it, the right of walaʾ (succession) belongs to the master, not to the slave who performed the manumission. If the master learns of the act only after the slave who performed it has himself been set free, the walaʾ belongs to that freed slave, not to the former master.

If a man gives a slave to his minor child and later emancipates that slave, the emancipation is not effective unless the father is wealthy enough to pay the child the slave’s full value, in which case the emancipation stands; otherwise, it is null. Some hold that this simply constitutes the father’s permissible retraction of the gift, in which case he incurs no liability.

Whoever emancipates a slave he purchased through an invalid sale: the emancipation stands, and the seller has the right to claim the slave’s value. Similarly, according to Malik, if a slave buys himself by means of a defective sale, the emancipation is valid and he must pay his full market value.

If a man frees the fetus in his slave-woman’s womb, the child is born free. Yet if the mother is sold while still pregnant in order to settle her owner’s debt, the sale is valid and the child remains a slave; and if the child is born