remains in force, unless it conflicts with the Book of Allah, the Sunnah, or an interpretation on which there is unanimous agreement. ʿAbd al-Malik held the same position, but added: “I overturn any judgment that contradicts the well-known Sunnah, and even where there is merely some divergence of opinion I still annul the ruling—such as a verdict that awards inheritance to uterine relatives, grants the right of pre-emption to a neighbour, or accepts the testimony of non-Muslim subjects. No one before ʿAbd al-Malik had done this, and Allah knows best.”