Chapter: Objections and Their Answers
The first objection: anthropomorphism
Among later generations it has become common to accuse everyone who affirms Allah’s being above (fawqiyyah) of one of three things: that he is a mushabbih (anthropomorphist), a mujassim (corporealist), or that he attributes to Allah direction and place. These three issues must therefore be clarified and the doubts surrounding them dispelled.
The first objection: anthropomorphism.
The answer to this charge may be drawn from the passages already quoted from the leading Imams, as well as those that will follow in this book. I will mention a few of them here:
1- Nuʿaym ibn Ḥammād, the ḥadith master, said: “Whoever likens Allah to His creation has disbelieved, and whoever rejects what Allah has described Himself with has also disbelieved. What Allah has described Himself with, or what His Messenger has described Him with, is not anthropomorphism.”
2- Isḥaq ibn Rāhawayh said: “Anthropomorphism only occurs when someone says, ‘a hand like my hand’ or ‘hearing like my hearing’; that is anthropomorphism. But if he merely says, as Allah has said, ‘hand,’ ‘hearing,’ and ‘sight,’ without asking ‘how’ and without saying ‘like,’ this is not anthropomorphism.” Allah the Exalted says: “There is nothing like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.” ⦗Qur’an 42:11⦘
If affirming Allah’s transcendence and elevation necessarily implied anthropomorphism, then everyone who affirms the other divine attributes—life, power, hearing, sight, and so on—would also be an anthropomorphist. No Muslim who today affiliates himself with Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamāʿah holds such a view; only the deniers of the attributes, such as the Muʿtazilah and others, do so.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah said in Minhāj al-Sunnah 2/75: “The Muʿtazilah, the Jahmiyyah, and the rest of those who deny the attributes label everyone who affirms them a mujassim and a mushabbih. Some of them even include among the so-called corporealists and anthropomorphists the renowned Imams—Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, Aḥmad, and their companions—as related by Abū Ḥātim, author of the book al-Zīnah, and others.”