from above them ⦗Q 16:50⦘, “To Him ascend the good words” ⦗Q 35:10⦘, and “Are you secure from the One who is in the heaven?” ⦗Q 67:16⦘—that is, from above the heaven, just as He, exalted is He, also said, “in the trunks of the palm trees,” meaning upon the trunks of the palm trees¹; and He said, “Travel in the land,” meaning upon the land. Everything that is high is called “heaven,” and the Throne is the highest of the heavens. Hence the meaning of the verse is: Are you secure from the One who is upon the Throne, as He has stated plainly in other verses. The scriptural passages we have cited nullify the claim of the Jahmites who allege that Allah, in His very Essence, is in every place. As for His words, “And He is with you wherever you are” ⦗Q 57:4⦘, this refers to His knowledge, not to His Essence².
The fame and stature of al-Bayhaqī in Islam make further introduction unnecessary. He lived seventy-four years, met the disciples of the ḥadith master Abū Ḥāmid ibn al-Sharqī, and died in 458 AH.
154 – al-Khaṭīb (392–463 AH)
332 – al-Mubārak ibn ʿAlī al-Ṣayrafī relates in his book: “Muḥammad ibn Marzūq al-Zaʿfarānī narrated to us; the ḥadith master Abū Bakr al-Khaṭīb—may Allah have mercy on him—narrated to us and said:
‘As for discussion of the attributes³: whatever is reported about them in the sound Sunan, the way of the early generations is to affirm them, to pass them on according to their apparent wording, and to negate any modality or likeness. The basic rule is that discourse on the attributes branches off from discourse on the Essence, and we treat the latter exactly as we treat the former. Since it is agreed that affirming the Lord of all worlds amounts to nothing more than affirming that He exists—without assigning Him limits or describing a modality—so too affirming His attributes means merely affirming that they exist, without assigning limits or describing a modality. Thus, when we say “hand,” “hearing,” or “sight,” we are only affirming attributes that Allah has affirmed for Himself; we do not say that “hand” means power, or that “hearing” and “sight” mean knowledge. Nor do we say that they are limbs or instruments of action, and we do not liken them to human hands or ears.’