In his book Refutation of Figurative Interpretation he writes:
“It is not permissible to reject these narrations or to busy oneself with re-interpreting them. One is obliged to accept them according to their outward sense, for they are attributes of Allah Most High that bear no resemblance to the attributes by which created beings are described.”
He also says: “A decisive proof against figurative interpretation is that the Companions and those who followed them accepted these texts at face value. They never sought to reinterpret them or divert them from their plain sense. Had reinterpretation been lawful, they would have been the first to resort to it, since, according to those who claim the apparent wording implies anthropomorphism, such reinterpretation would remove that resemblance.”
I say: Some late-coming dialecticians introduced a novel view for which I know no precedent. They said, “These attributes are to be passed on exactly as they have come, without interpretation, yet we must believe that their outward meaning is not what is intended.” From this they concluded that the word “outward” (ẓāhir) has two possible meanings:
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That there is no interpretation beyond the indication of the wording itself, just as the early scholars said, “Istiwaʾ is known,” and as Sufyan and others1 remarked, “Its very recitation is its commentary.” In other words, the language is clear and needs no twisting or distortion. This is the position of the early generations, who were also unanimous that these attributes bear no likeness whatsoever to human attributes, for the Creator has no equal—neither in His essence nor in His attributes.
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That the “outward sense” is the mental image that forms in the imagination, similar to the picture evoked when human attributes are described. This is not what is meant, for Allah, exalted is He, is unique, self-sufficient, without peer. His attributes, though many, are real, yet they have no counterpart or equal. Who has ever beheld Him so as to describe Him for us? Who is able to tell us how He heard speech? By Allah, we are helpless, exhausted, bewildered, even concerning the very soul that dwells within us—how it ascends each night when its Creator claims it, how He sends it back, and how it continues after death; and what of the life