—and about ink and paper, and the further novelties they have introduced—distinctions between the mutalī (the reciter) and the matlū (what is recited), between the maqrāʾ (the reading) and the muqriʾ (the reader). All of this, in our eyes, is an innovation. Whoever claims that the Qur’an is created is, to us, a Jahmite in whom we have no doubt whatsoever.

Al-Dhuhlī was the imam of Khurasan after Isḥāq without dispute, a leader who was heeded and of great stature. He died in 258 AH.

220 – The compiler related it with his chain from this Muḥammad ibn Naʿīm, whom I have been unable to identify.

76 – al-Bukhārī, may Allah have mercy on him (194–256 AH)

251 – Imām Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl said, at the end of al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ in the book “Refutation of the Jahmites,” in the chapter on the Almighty’s words, “And His Throne was upon the water” (11:7): Abū l-ʿĀliyah explained “then He rose toward the heaven” as “He ascended.” Mujāhid said that “He rose” means “He ascended over the Throne.” Zaynab, Mother of the Believers, said: “Allah married me from above seven heavens.”

He then set chapter headings for most of the attributes the Jahmites reject—Allah’s exaltedness, His speech, His two hands, and His two eyes—supporting each with Qur’anic verses and ḥadiths. Among them are: “Chapter: ‘To Him ascend good words’” (35:10); “Chapter: ‘For what My two hands have created’” (38:75); “Chapter: ‘That you might be formed under My eye’” (20:39); and “Chapter: The Lord’s speech with the prophets.” An intelligent reader who reflects on his arrangement realizes that the Jahmites repudiate these texts and distort the words from their proper places. He also authored a separate treatise entitled “The Book of Human Actions” concerning the question of the Qur’an.

He was a ḥāfiẓ, a polymath of brilliant intellect, devout and God-fearing, of lofty rank and without equal. He died in 256 AH. Among those he met were Makkī ibn Ibrāhīm in Khurasan, Abū ʿĀṣim in Basra, ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Mūsā in Kufa, al-Muqriʾ in Mecca, and al-Firyābī in Syria. He lived sixty-two years.

221 – Thus it appears in some manuscripts of al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ, while in others it reads “The Book of Tawḥīd,” which