and its comprehensive wording, not by analogy alone, although analogy provides further evidence consistent with the text. Authentic statements from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) also establish the prohibition of every intoxicant. In Sahīh Muslim, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) is reported to have said:

“Every intoxicant is khamr, and every intoxicant is forbidden.”

In the two Sahīhs, ‘Ā’isha (may Allah be pleased with her) reports that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said:

“Every drink that intoxicates is forbidden.”

The two Sahīhs also report from Abū Mūsā that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was asked:

“We have a drink made from honey called al-bit‘, and a drink made from sorghum called al-mizr?”

The narrator said that he had been endowed with concise, comprehensive speech, and he replied:

“Every intoxicant is forbidden.”

There are other hadiths as well, which would take too long to recount. Accordingly, the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and foods, such as intoxicating hashish, is established by the scriptural text. This text encompasses drinking every kind of intoxicant, whatever its ingredients: grains, fruits, the milk of horses, or anything else.

Those who thought that the text applied only to grape wine said that it did not explain the ruling on these other intoxicants—which are more abundant in the world than grape wine—and that their prohibition was instead established by analogy. These people misunderstood the text. This is further demonstrated by the numerous, widely transmitted hadiths establishing that, when khamr was prohibited, Medina had no