his prayer, zakat, pilgrimage, righteous conduct, truthfulness, and other such good deeds will bring him happiness in this world and the Hereafter, and that his disbelief, wickedness, and disobedience will bring him misery in this world and the Hereafter. This is a broad field encompassing religious traditions, governance, and all other religious and worldly activities; it includes sound and corrupt forms of religion alike. Yet this practical belief must also concern matters other than action. For his belief that a particular action will benefit or harm him in this world and the Hereafter also concerns objectively established attributes that do not depend on his belief. Likewise, although theoretical belief has something other than action as its object, action follows from it. As explained above, each of the two kinds of belief both follows something else and is itself followed.

Judgments are likewise akin to beliefs, and they too fall into two categories:

Judgments concerning existing realities, which follow the subject being judged—for example, judging what praise and commendation Allah Most High deserves, and what He is exalted above, such as need and having partners.

Practical judgments, which are followed by the action being judged—for example, judging that a particular action is good or bad, sound or corrupt, good or evil, beneficial or harmful, obligatory or forbidden, commanded or prohibited, right guidance or error, justice or injustice.

Likewise, utterances fall into declarative and performative types. Declarative utterances