the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and that he remained a radiant star”—this too is a lie, by agreement of those versed in his hadiths.

The same applies to similar reports, such as those mentioned by Shīrawayh al-Daylamī in his book al-Firdaws (Paradise), and by Ibn Hamawayh in his writings on realities, such as al-Mahbūb (The Beloved). These include claims that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was a star; that the entire world was created from him; that he existed before his parents were created; or that he had memorized the Quran before Gabriel brought it to him. All these claims and others like them are fabricated lies, by agreement of those knowledgeable about his life.

None of the prophets was created from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Rather, each was created from his own parents, and Allah breathed the spirit into him. Nor was it the case that whenever Allah taught His messengers and prophets through revelation, they received it through an intermediary other than Gabriel. Rather, sometimes Allah speaks to them through revelation that He imparts to them; sometimes He speaks to them from behind a veil, as He spoke to Moses son of ‘Imrān; and sometimes He sends an angel who reveals, by His permission, whatever He wills.

Some prophets follow the revealed law of another prophet, just as the prophets of the Children of Israel followed the law of the Torah. As for the claim that they all receive from a single individual, this and similar claims are made by the people of