The third is encouraging good and warning against evil, on the part of those who consider such fabrication permissible.

The fourth is pursuing worldly aims by amassing fleeting riches.

The fifth is seeking prominence through singular hadith reports.

Section

A narrator’s reports may be accepted either unconditionally or subject to qualifications. For unconditional acceptance, he must be reasonably considered trustworthy against lying. This requires upright character and freedom from motives and corrupt beliefs that might lead him to regard fabrication as permissible. He must also be safeguarded against inadvertent error by sound retention, accuracy, and mastery. Qualified acceptance, however, varies according to the accompanying evidence. Each hadith calls for its own critical discernment and a particular examination unlike that required for another.

Section

Many a hadith has an unbroken chain of transmission, yet contains additions or omissions. The addition of a single word may alter its meaning, as may the omission of another. Anyone experienced in this discipline will seldom fail to recognize where this occurs. In judging a hadith authentic or weak, there are gateways to enter, paths to follow, and routes to explore.