a condition for the second, and the second a condition for the third. They all share the same error: affirming self-subsisting substances that are eternal alongside the Lord, have always been and will always remain with Him, and were never preceded by nonexistence. He also regarded the celestial sphere as eternal. This alone entails more than enough contradiction of plain reason and disbelief in what the messengers brought. How much more so when combined with their other assertions that contradict reason and revelation!

Sixth:

The emanations known in the world proceed only from two sources. Nothing proceeds from one alone, as already noted concerning the generation of entities and accidents.

All the examples they mention—heat proceeding from something hot, cold from something cold, rays from the sun, and so forth—are merely instances of accidents proceeding from something else. Even these require two sources. As for entities proceeding from other entities, this is known only through birth in the familiar sense, which necessarily involves the separation of a part from its source.

As for the emanation, generation, and causal derivation they claim for the intellects, souls, and celestial spheres, they say that these are self-subsisting substances that emanated from a single, simple substance. This is among the most false assertions ever made concerning emanation and generation. It entails substances emanating from a single substance, which is inconceivable. It also entails such emanation without any part separating from the source, which is likewise inconceivable. The most they can do is liken this to the coming into existence of certain accidents, such as rays proceeding from the sun or the movement of a ring resulting from the movement of the hand. This is an analogy