the prophets as bearers of good tidings and warners.” He explained that Allah sent the messengers and revealed the scriptures only when disagreement arose.

“And sent down with them the Scripture in truth.”

He said: He revealed the Scripture when disagreement arose.

“None differed over it except those who were given it.”

This means the Children of Israel, who were given the Scripture and knowledge.

“After clear proofs had come to them, out of mutual transgression.”

He says: They transgressed out of rivalry for this world, seeking its dominion, splendor, and adornment, vying over who among them would wield authority and command awe among the people. Thus they transgressed against one another and struck one another’s necks.

“Then Allah, by His permission, guided those who believed to the truth concerning which they differed.”

He says: Allah guided them when disagreement arose: they remained steadfast upon what the messengers had brought before the disagreement. They maintained sincere devotion to Allah alone, worshipping Him without associating any partner with Him, establishing prayer, and giving zakat. They adhered to the original way that had prevailed before the disagreement and kept apart from the disagreement. Thus they would be witnesses over mankind on the Day of Resurrection, testifying against the people of Noah, the people of Hūd, the people of Sālih, the people of Shu‘ayb, and Pharaoh’s people that their messengers had conveyed the message to them and that they had rejected their messengers.

I say:

The Quran speaks of two kinds of disagreement. In the first, all those who disagree are condemned, as in His words:

“Indeed, those who differ concerning the Scripture are in extreme dissension.”

And His words:

“They will continue to differ, except those upon whom your Lord has mercy.”

In the second, He praises the believers and condemns the disbelievers, as in His words:

“Had Allah willed, those who came after them would not have fought one another after clear proofs had come to them. But they differed: some believed and some disbelieved. And had it been the will of