Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

We have mentioned elsewhere that affirming His transcendence rests on two principles. The first is that He is free from any imperfection that contradicts His perfection. Whatever establishes His perfection also establishes His freedom from any imperfection that contradicts it. This makes clear that His freedom from imperfection is known through reason, contrary to the claim of a group of speculative theologians that it can be known only through revelation.

We have explained elsewhere that the rational methods they have followed—inferring the temporal origination of bodies from accidents—establish neither His existence, nor any of His attributes of perfection, nor His freedom from any imperfection. Thus, they have no basis for ruling out any imperfection in His case. They themselves acknowledge that, unlike attributes, any action is possible for Him. Yet their approach to the attributes is unsound and contradictory, as has been explained at length elsewhere.

The second principle is that nothing is like Him in His attributes of perfection. The Quran is replete with affirmations of these two principles: it affirms the attributes of perfection in detail and declares Him free from any likeness to others. Glory be to Him! Exalted is He far above what the wrongdoers say.

وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا فِي مَوَاضِعَ أَنَّ تَنْزِيهَهُ يَرْجِعُ إلَى أَصْلَيْنِ. تَنْزِيهُهُ عَنْ النَّقْصِ الْمُنَاقِضِ لِكَمَالِهِ. فَمَا دَلَّ عَلَى ثُبُوتِ الْكَمَالِ لَهُ فَهُوَ يَدُلُّ عَلَى تَنَزُّهِهِ عَنْ النَّقْصِ الْمُنَاقِضِ لِكَمَالِهِ. وَهَذَا مِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ أَنَّ تَنَزُّهَهُ عَنْ النَّقْصِ مَعْلُومٌ بِالْعَقْلِ بِخِلَافِ مَا قَالَ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ الْمُتَكَلِّمِينَ إنَّ ذَلِكَ لَا يُعْلَمُ إلَّا بِالسَّمْعِ. وَقَدْ بَيَّنَّا فِي غَيْرِ هَذَا الْمَوْضِعِ أَنَّ الطُّرُقَ الْعَقْلِيَّةَ الَّتِي سَلَكُوهَا مِنْ الِاسْتِدْلَالِ بِالْإِعْرَاضِ عَلَى حُدُوثِ الْأَجْسَامِ لَا تَدُلُّ عَلَى إثْبَاتِهِ وَلَا عَلَى إثْبَاتِ شَيْءٍ مِنْ صِفَاتِ الْكَمَالِ وَلَا عَلَى تَنَزُّهِهِ عَنْ شَيْءٍ مِنْ النَّقَائِصِ. فَلَيْسَ عِنْدَ الْقَوْمِ مَا يُحِيلُونَ بِهِ عَنْهُ شَيْئًا مِنْ النَّقَائِصِ. وَهُمْ مُعْتَرِفُونَ بِأَنَّ الْأَفْعَالَ يَجُوزُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْهَا كُلُّ شَيْءٍ بِخِلَافِ الصِّفَاتِ. لَكِنَّ طَرِيقَهُمْ فِي الصِّفَاتِ فَاسِدٌ مُتَنَاقِضٌ كَمَا قَدْ بُسِطَ فِي غَيْرِ هَذَا الْمَوْضِعِ. الثَّانِي: أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ فِي صِفَاتِ الْكَمَالِ. وَالْقُرْآنُ مَمْلُوءٌ بِإِثْبَاتِ هَذَيْنِ الْأَصْلَيْنِ بِإِثْبَاتِ صِفَاتِ الْكَمَالِ عَلَى وَجْهِ التَّفْصِيلِ وَتَنْزِيهِهِ عَنْ التَّمْثِيلِ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى عَمَّا يَقُولُ الظَّالِمُونَ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا.

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