the Lord has reported concerning His creation or His commands, or accuse Him of injustice in His judgment. Yet He, glorified be He, is truthful and just, as He, Most High, says:

“The word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and justice. None can change His words, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.”

For speech is either performative or declarative. His declarations are true, never false; His performative speech—His commands bringing things into being and His legislative commands—is just, never unjust. The Magian Qadariyya denied what He reported concerning His creation and His legislation in matters of religion, while the Iblis-like Qadariyya accused Him of injustice in the two taken together, or in each separately.

It has thus become clear that those within the Muslim community who divide and disagree do so because they abandon some of the truth with which Allah sent His Prophet, embrace falsehood contrary to it, and share in falsehood that contradicts what the Messenger brought. This is akin to the unbelievers’ opposition to the believers, as He, Most High, says:

“Those messengers—some We have favored above others,”

through to His words:

“Had Allah willed, they would not have fought one another, but Allah does whatever He wills.”

When they share in a falsehood by which they oppose the believers who follow the messengers, they forget a portion of what they were reminded of. He then casts enmity and hatred among them, and they disagree with one another over another truth brought by the Messenger. Thus, one group believes in part of it and rejects another, while the other group believes in what the first rejects and rejects what the first believes. In this situation, both of these divided, opposing groups are blameworthy. This is characteristic of most