These people may therefore be asked: “Do these observable occurrences have an originator or not?” If they say, “No,” this is the height of obstinate denial. If they allow occurrences to arise without an originator, they should all the more readily allow them to arise through an originator who has no will. If they say, “They have an originator,” then the existence of an agent is established.

Once the existence of the Creator who brings things into being is established, He must act either with will or without it. If they say, “He acts without will,” this too is obstinate denial, for every motion in the world ultimately proceeds from will. Motions are either natural, forced, or voluntary. The source of motion is either within the moving thing or an external cause. Motion originating within the moving thing is either accompanied by awareness or not. Motion whose cause is external is forced; motion whose cause is internal and unaccompanied by awareness is natural; and motion accompanied by awareness is voluntary.

Forced motion depends on whatever forces it. Whatever moves by its own nature—such as water, air, and earth—is at rest in its proper place. But when forcibly displaced from that place, it seeks to return to it; thus its motion originates in an external force. This leaves voluntary motion as the only primary kind of motion. Every motion in the world therefore proceeds from will. How, then, could all occurrences and motions arise without will?

Moreover, if they allow great occurrences to arise from an agent without will, then it is all the more possible for them to arise from an agent who has will.