under the name “knowledge,” while each of the other categories is given its own specific name. Thus, knowledge is either acquired through inferential reasoning, which is knowledge through reflection; or through guidance by spiritual disclosure, as with hadith scholars, those endowed with keen insight, and other believers—this is “guidance”; or through the Scriptures sent down from Allah, which is the highest category. Thus, the highest is knowledge transmitted from the Scriptures, followed by the spiritual disclosures granted to Allah’s friends, then the inferential reasoning of speculative theologians and other scholars.