al-Junayd and the leading scholars of the religion concerning monotheism. They failed to distinguish between the Eternal and the created. These people explicitly professed the worship of everything that exists, as has been discussed at length elsewhere. This is the doctrine of the proponents of the unity of existence, such as Ibn ʿArabī al-Hātimī, Ibn Sabʿīn, al-Qūnawī, al-Tilimsānī, al-Balyānī, Ibn al-Fārid, and their like.

Our purpose here is to discuss those speculative theologians and Sufis who deny judgment, justice, and causation in divine decree, agreeing with Jahm on this principle. This is the second innovation for which he became known, unlike irjā’, which is also attributed to groups other than his.

These people say that the Lord may do anything within His power that is possible, without regard to wisdom, mercy, or justice. They also say that His will is His love.

Consequently, you find that their followers do not revere the commands and prohibitions, or the promises and warnings. Rather, such a follower casts off all or some of the commands of the revealed Law, or forces himself to act upon what he believes or knows.

For what they mean is that everything is alike in relation to the Lord, and that whatever He wills, He loves. They also mean that He brings things into existence without causes through which He creates them, or any wise purpose toward which He directs them. Rather, He does no more than bring decreed events to their appointed times.