Thus, the deities that their worshippers have taken as gods to worship are numerous. Yet they do not deserve worship and are therefore not truly deities. This is like someone appointing another person as a witness, judge, mufti, or ruler when that person is competent in none of these roles. Every person must have a deity whom he adores and worships:

“Wretched is the slave of the dinar and the slave of the dirham!”

Some people have indeed made such wealth their deity through love, submission, and veneration, as has been explained at length elsewhere. Thus, when Allah testifies that there is no deity worthy of worship except Him, He has thereby ruled and decreed that none but Him should be worshipped.

Moreover, the terms “judgment” and “decree” are also used of declarative statements. A declarative statement is called a “proposition,” and one may say that it judges a particular meaning to be affirmed and another to be negated. Every witness and every person reporting something makes a judgment in this sense: he judges what he affirms to be true and what he denies to be false. This is a declarative judgment that may entail a prescriptive judgment.

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The Lord’s testimony, clarification, and communication are sometimes through His words and sometimes through His actions. His words are what He sent His messengers with, sent down in His Books, and revealed to His servants