Majmu' al-Fatawa - Ibn Taimiya - (13/355)

Section

As for the second of the two bases of disagreement—what is known through inference rather than transmission—most errors in this area arise from two sources. These emerged after the Quranic interpretations of the Companions, the Successors, and those who followed them in righteousness. Commentaries that contain exclusively their statements scarcely contain anything of these two kinds. Examples include the commentaries of ‘Abd al-Razzāq, Wakī‘, ‘Abd ibn Humayd, ‘Abd al-Rahmān ibn Ibrāhīm Duhaym, Imam Ahmad, Ishāq ibn Rāhawayh, Baqī ibn Makhlad, Abū Bakr ibn al-Mundhir, Sufyān ibn ‘Uyaynah, Sunayd, Ibn Jarīr, Ibn Abī Hātim, Abū Sa‘īd al-Ashajj, Abū ‘Abd Allāh ibn Mājah, and Ibn Mardawayh.

“The first” consists of people who adopted certain meanings and then sought to make the wording of the Quran conform to them.

“The second” consists of people who interpreted the Quran solely according to meanings that an Arabic speaker could conceivably intend by his words, without considering the One who spoke the Quran, the one to whom it was revealed, or those addressed by it.

“The former” attended to the meaning they had adopted without considering what the wording of the Quran itself signifies and makes clear.

فَصْلٌ: وَأَمَّا النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي مِنْ مُسْتَنَدَيْ الِاخْتِلَافِ وَهُوَ مَا يُعْلَمُ بِالِاسْتِدْلَالِ لَا بِالنَّقْلِ فَهَذَا أَكْثَرُ مَا فِيهِ الْخَطَأُ مِنْ جِهَتَيْنِ - حَدَثَتَا بَعْدَ تَفْسِيرِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالتَّابِعِينَ وَتَابِعِيهِمْ بِإِحْسَانِ؛ فَإِنَّ التَّفَاسِيرَ الَّتِي يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا كَلَامُ هَؤُلَاءِ صِرْفًا لَا يَكَادُ يُوجَدُ فِيهَا شَيْءٌ مِنْ هَاتَيْنِ الْجِهَتَيْنِ مِثْلَ تَفْسِيرِ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ وَوَكِيعٍ وَعَبْدِ بْنِ حميد وَعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ إبْرَاهِيمَ دحيم. وَمِثْلَ تَفْسِيرِ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَد وَإِسْحَاقَ بْنِ رَاهَوَيْه وبقي بْنِ مخلد وَأَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ وَسُفْيَانَ بْنِ عُيَيْنَة وَسَنِيدٍ وَابْنِ جَرِيرٍ وَابْنِ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ وَأَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْأَشَجِّ وَأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَاجَه. وَابْنِ مردويه - " إحْدَاهُمَا " قَوْمٌ اعْتَقَدُوا مَعَانِيَ ثُمَّ أَرَادُوا حَمْلَ أَلْفَاظِ الْقُرْآنِ عَلَيْهَا. و " الثَّانِيَةُ " قَوْمٌ فَسَّرُوا الْقُرْآنَ بِمُجَرَّدِ مَا يُسَوِّغُ أَنْ يُرِيدَهُ بِكَلَامِهِ مَنْ كَانَ مِنْ النَّاطِقِينَ بِلُغَةِ الْعَرَبِ مِنْ غَيْرِ نَظَرٍ إلَى الْمُتَكَلِّمِ بِالْقُرْآنِ وَالْمُنَزَّلِ عَلَيْهِ وَالْمُخَاطَبِ بِهِ. فـ " الْأَوَّلُونَ " رَاعَوْا الْمَعْنَى الَّذِي رَأَوْهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ نَظَرٍ إلَى مَا تَسْتَحِقُّهُ أَلْفَاظُ الْقُرْآنِ مِنْ الدَّلَالَةِ وَالْبَيَانِ.