he refused to prostrate before him. Satan commands envy, although the envious person gains nothing when the one he envies loses a blessing; he simply resents that blessing. His resentment may arise because his own aims have been frustrated, or it may not.

One way humans benefit from the jinn is by employing them to bring things they seek, such as wealth, food, clothing, and money for expenses. The jinn may bring some of these things or direct a person to buried treasure or something else. The jinn, in turn, benefit from humans by using them to carry out what Satan desires of disbelief, wickedness, and disobedience.

Another way humans benefit from the jinn is by employing them to carry out what they seek of associating partners with Allah, killing, and sexual indecency. Sometimes a jinnī assumes the human’s appearance. When one of the human’s followers calls upon him for help, the jinnī comes, and the follower thinks it is the shaykh himself. At other times, a follower calls out to his shaykh, crying, “O my master so-and-so!” The jinnī conveys those words to the shaykh in a voice resembling the human’s, until the shaykh thinks it is that very person’s voice. The shaykh then says, “Yes,” and makes a gesture to ward off the harm. The jinnī reproduces that voice and action, so the person thinks it is his shaykh himself who answered him and performed that act.

A follower of the shaykh may even have his hand in a dish, eating, when the jinnī puts his own hand into it in the form of the shaykh’s hand and takes some food. The follower then thinks that his shaykh is present with him. Meanwhile, the jinnī makes a similar dish appear before the shaykh himself, who puts his hand into it, until the shaykh believes that his hand is