‘Abd al-Malik, and the Shī‘ah followed him. When he was asked about Abū Bakr and ‘Umar, he affirmed his allegiance to them and prayed for Allah’s mercy upon them. Some people then rejected him, so he said: “You have rejected me! You have rejected me!” Thus they came to be called the Rāfidah. The Rāfidah give their allegiance to his brother, Abū Ja‘far Muhammad ibn ‘Alī, while the Zaydiyyah give their allegiance to Zayd and take their name from him. From that time onward, the Shī‘ah were divided into the Zaydiyyah and the Imāmī Rāfidah.

Then, toward the end of the Companions’ era, the Qadariyyah emerged. Their innovation arose from their minds’ inability to reconcile belief in Allah’s decree with belief in His commands and prohibitions, His promises and warnings. They thought it impossible to believe in both. They already believed in Allah’s religion, His commands and prohibitions, and His promises and warnings, but supposed that, if these were true, He could not have known before issuing His commands who would obey and who would disobey. For they thought that someone who knew what would happen could not rightly issue a command while knowing that the person commanded would disobey rather than obey him. They also thought that, if He knew people would cause corruption, it would not be right for Him to create those whom He knew would do so.

When their denial of the prior divine decree reached the Companions, they condemned it vehemently and disavowed them. ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Umar even said:

“Tell those people that I disavow them and they have nothing to do with me. By the One in whose name ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Umar swears, if any one of them possessed gold equal to Mount Uhud and spent it in charity, Allah would not accept it from him until he believed in divine decree.”

He then related the hadith of Gabriel from his father. This is the first hadith in Sahīh Muslim. Al-Bukhārī and Muslim also narrated an abridged version through Abū Hurayrah.

Debate over divine decree then became widespread, with most of it taking place in Basra and Syria