such as Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbd al-Rahmān ibn al-Hārith ibn Hishām, Muhammad ibn Kaʿb al-Qurazī, al-Zuhrī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and Ishāq ibn Rāhawayh, as well as what has been transmitted on this matter from the Companions and the Successors. There are many well-known reports concerning this in the collections of Sunnah and early traditions, too numerous to include in this brief account.

The disputes and subtle distinctions among these three categories are likewise beyond the scope of this brief account. We have discussed them at length elsewhere, explaining the true nature of each position and identifying the correct position in light of clear rational evidence and authentic transmitted reports. Yet all these groups agree that those who say that Allah’s speech is created are misguided.

The Muslim community agrees that anyone who says that Allah’s speech is created and that He did not truly speak to Moses must be called upon to repent. If he repents, well and good; otherwise, he is to be put to death.

All praise belongs to Allah, Lord of all worlds. May Allah bestow blessings and abundant peace upon our master Muhammad and his family.