and both claims are misguidance, for no messenger receives from another unless he has been commanded to follow the other’s law. Such was the case with the prophets of the Children of Israel and the messengers sent among them, who were commanded to follow the Torah, as Allah Most High says:

“Indeed, We sent down the Torah, containing guidance and light”—to the end of the verse.

Abraham did not receive from Moses or Jesus, nor did Noah receive from Abraham. Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus did not receive from Muhammad, even though they foretold his coming and believed in him, as Allah Most High says:

“And when Allah took the covenant of the prophets: ‘Whatever I have given you of Scripture and wisdom’”—to the end of the verse.

Ibn ‘Abbās said: “Allah never sent a prophet without taking from him a pledge concerning Muhammad, and taking a pledge from his people that they would surely believe in him and, if he were sent while they were alive, would surely support him.”

(The tenth point)

His statement, “For he exists in his reality, as expressed in his saying, ‘I was a prophet while Adam was between water and clay,’ unlike the other prophets. Likewise, the Seal of Allah’s allies was an ally of Allah while Adam was between water and clay,” is a manifest falsehood that contradicts the consensus of the leading scholars of the religion, even though a group of people of misguidance and heresy say this.

Allah knew all things and decreed them before bringing them into being. They do not exist in their realities until they come into existence, and in this there is no distinction between the prophets and anyone else. The reality of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, did not exist before he was created, except in the same sense as the reality of anyone else: Allah knew it and decreed it. Yet knowledge of him and his name was far more widespread than that of others, for he was mentioned in writing