And tawhīd (affirming Allah’s oneness) is what Allah Most High has explained in His Book and through His Messenger—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—as in His words:

“Say, ‘He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, and there is none comparable to Him.’”

This surah is equivalent to one-third of the Quran. And His words:

“Say, ‘O disbelievers, I do not worship what you worship, nor do you worship what I worship. Nor will I worship what you have worshipped, nor will you worship what I worship. For you is your religion, and for me is my religion.’”

Allah Most High also says:

“So know that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, and seek forgiveness for your sin and for the believing men and women.”

And He says:

“We never sent a messenger before you without revealing to him: ‘There is no deity worthy of worship except Me, so worship Me.’”

The Jahmī deniers of the divine attributes, among the Muʿtazilah and others, called the negation of the attributes tawhīd. Thus, anyone who says that the Quran is Allah’s speech and is not created, or that Allah will be seen in the Hereafter, or says, “I seek Your guidance through Your knowledge, and ask You to grant me ability through Your power,” is not, in their view, someone who affirms Allah’s oneness. Rather, they call him someone who likens Allah to creation and ascribes a body to Him. The author of al-Murshidah called his followers al-Muwahhidūn, following those who invented a tawhīd for which Allah had sent down no authority and deviated from the tawhīd with which Allah revealed the Quran.

He also said concerning Allah Most High’s power that He has power over whatever He wills. This agrees with the view of the philosophers, ʿAlī al-Aswārī, and other speculative theologians who say that He has no power to do anything other than what He has done. The position of the Muslims, however, is that Allah has power over