occurs only because of the intensity of what comes upon the heart and the heart’s inability to bear it. Something similar may happen to someone who experiences joy, fear, grief, or love concerning worldly matters: it may kill him, make him ill, or deprive him of his reason. Among those who worship physical forms are people whom passionate love has made ill, killed, or driven mad. The same applies in other cases. This happens only when something comes upon a person that he is too weak to resist, much like the causes of illness or death that affect the body, or when a person is overcome by it.

If he has committed neither negligence nor transgression, he bears no sin for what has befallen him, and there are no grounds for suspicion. An example is someone who listens to the Quran in the prescribed manner and has not been negligent by abandoning what makes this possible for him. The same applies to what comes upon the heart of what they call intoxication, loss of self-awareness, and similar states that deprive a person of reason against his will.

If the cause is not prohibited, the intoxicated person is not blameworthy but excused, for an intoxicated person lacks discernment. Such a state may also arise through intoxication from wine or hashish. This is forbidden without any disagreement among Muslims, and whoever regards intoxication from these things as lawful is a disbeliever. It may also arise through loving physical forms and becoming passionately infatuated with them, as has been said:

Two intoxications:
The intoxication of passion and the intoxication of wine—
When will one afflicted by both regain his senses?