the Messenger called them, which was a request on his part. This wording therefore implies that proof had been established against them through the messengers, who call them only to that which purifies their souls.

Relevant to the fact that purification entails cleansing—for their meanings coincide—are His words:

“Take from their wealth charity by which you cleanse them”

of evil,

“and purify them”

with good.

The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:

“O Allah, cleanse me with water, hail, and snow.”

He would offer this supplication at the opening of prayer, when standing upright after bowing, and when bathing. These things cool whatever is washed with them, and hail imparts strength and firmness. Things that bring joy are described in terms of coolness and as a delight to the eyes. Thus, tears of joy are cold, whereas tears of sorrow are hot: what distresses the soul brings it sorrow and grief, while what pleases it brings it joy and gladness, which cool the inner self. The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, therefore asked Allah to wash away sins in a manner that would cool hearts to the utmost, through the joy and gladness of having the sins that distress the soul removed.

His words, “with snow, hail, and cold water,” express this through a likeness drawn from things possessing this quality; sins themselves are not washed away with these substances. Similarly, one might say: “Let us taste the coolness of Your pardon and the sweetness of Your forgiveness.” When Abū Qatādah paid off the debtor’s debt, the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “Now