has no valid acts of worship, whether obligatory or voluntary. Whoever has neither obligatory nor voluntary acts of worship is not among the friends of Allah.

For this reason, Allah Most High says:

“Indeed, in that are signs for those of understanding.”

That is, those who possess reason. Allah Most High also says:

“Is there not in this an oath sufficient for a person of understanding?”

That is, a person of reason. Allah Most High says:

“And fear Me, O people of understanding.”

He also says:

“Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are the deaf and dumb who do not reason.”

And Allah Most High says:

“Indeed, We have sent it down as an Arabic Quran so that you may understand.”

Allah praises and commends only those who possess reason. As for those who lack reason, Allah has neither praised nor commended them, nor has He ever spoken favourably of them. Rather, Allah Most High says of the people of the Fire:

“And they will say, ‘If only we had listened or reasoned, we would not be among the companions of the Blaze.’”

Allah Most High also says:

“And We have certainly created for Hell many of the jinn and mankind. They have hearts with which they do not understand, eyes with which they do not see, and ears with which they do not hear. They are like livestock; rather, they are more astray. It is they who are heedless.”

And He says:

“Or do you think that most of them hear or reason? They are only like livestock; rather, they are even further astray.”

Thus, anyone who lacks reason has neither valid faith nor valid obligatory or voluntary worship. If someone was a Jew or a Christian, then became insane and embraced Islam after becoming insane, his acceptance of Islam is valid neither inwardly nor outwardly. If someone had believed, then disbelieved and subsequently became insane, he is subject to the same ruling as disbelievers. Whoever was a believer and subsequently became insane will be rewarded for the faith he had during