And as for the testimony of all the other communities of believers and scholars that they are misguided and guilty of disbelief, this is a widespread judgment that only an obstinate opponent would deny. The believers are Allah’s witnesses on earth. Since the foremost intelligent and distinguished figures of the various schools, together with the rest of the people of knowledge and faith, openly declare them mistaken and misguided, whether in general or on particular points, it cannot be true that all people of reason have accepted their teachings.

(Second response)

This is not a valid argument. Aristotle criticized much of the philosophy that preceded him and had been accepted by his predecessors, exposing their errors. Ibn Sīnā and his followers disagreed with the ancients on a number of their doctrines and demonstrated their errors. Philosophers refute one another more than the members of any other school refute one another. Abū al-Barakāt and others like him have refuted Aristotle extensively, as Allah has willed, for they say: “We seek only the truth; our aim is not partisan allegiance to any particular thinker or doctrine.”

(Third)

The religion of the idol-worshippers is older than their philosophy, and the communities that have embraced it are more numerous than those that have embraced their philosophy. Likewise, the altered religion of the Jews is older than Aristotle’s philosophy, while the altered religion of the Christians arose close to Aristotle’s time. Aristotle lived approximately three hundred years before the Messiah, during the time of Alexander son of Philip, from whom the Roman era used by the Jews and Christians is reckoned.