Pharaoh’s statements, these men’s following of him and Nimrod son of Canaan and other leaders of disbelief and misguidance like them, and their opposition to Moses, Abraham, and Allah’s other messengers—may Allah’s blessings be upon them—have been discussed at length elsewhere.

Allah made the house of Abraham leaders for the believers, the people of Paradise, and the house of Pharaoh leaders for the people of Hell. He Most High says:

“He and his soldiers behaved arrogantly in the land without right, thinking they would not be returned to Us.”

“So We seized him and his soldiers and cast them into the sea. See, then, what was the end of the wrongdoers!”

“We made them leaders inviting to the Fire, and on the Day of Resurrection they will not be helped.”

“We caused a curse to follow them in this world, and on the Day of Resurrection they will be among the despised.”

“After destroying the earlier generations, We gave Moses the Scripture as a source of insight for mankind.”

And so on until His words:

“Say, ‘Then bring a scripture from Allah that offers better guidance than these two, and I will follow it, if you are truthful.’”

Concerning the house of Abraham, He says:

“We made leaders from among them, guiding by Our command, when they were patient and had certainty in Our signs.”

The point is that their later thinkers, who were more knowledgeable than their predecessors, held that the Lord’s knowledge is acquired through demonstrative syllogism, as is the knowledge of His prophets. We have refuted them at length elsewhere.

Our purpose here is to draw attention to the falsity of their claim that knowledge can be attained only through the demonstration they have described. If this negation is false with respect to the knowledge of individual human beings, then its falsity is