Majmu' al-Fatawa - Ibn Taimiya - (9/111)

Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

that he said to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace: “We have a drink made from honey called al-bit', and a drink made from sorghum called al-mizr.” He related that the Prophet—who had been endowed with concise, comprehensive speech—replied:

“Every intoxicant is forbidden.”

Thus, he answered them, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, with a universal proposition explaining that everything that intoxicates is forbidden. He also explained that everything that intoxicates is wine. These are two true, concordant universal propositions. Knowing either one entails knowing that every intoxicant is forbidden; knowing that every intoxicant is forbidden does not depend on knowing both propositions together.

For anyone who believes in the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and knows that he said, “Every intoxicant is forbidden,” knows that intoxicating nabīdh is forbidden. Doubt may nevertheless arise over whether he meant an intoxicating quantity or intoxicants as a category. This is uncertainty about the meaning of his statement. Once the person understands what he intended, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, he knows the conclusion sought. The same applies if he knows that nabīdh is wine. Knowing this establishes its prohibition even more firmly, for those who permit the disputed nabīdh do not call it wine. Once a person knows from the revealed text that “Every intoxicant is wine,” this alone constitutes proof that every intoxicant is forbidden for believers who know that wine is forbidden.

As for someone who does not know that wine is forbidden because he does not believe in the Messenger, the Prophet’s words cannot serve as proof for him. If, however, he knows that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah but does not know that he prohibited wine, the statement “Every intoxicant is wine” does not benefit him. Rather, what benefits him is the statement “Every intoxicant is forbidden.” Through this, he then knows that wine is forbidden, because wine and intoxicant are two names for the same thing according to

أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عِنْدَنَا شَرَابٌ مَصْنُوعٌ مِنْ الْعَسَلِ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الْبِتْعُ وَشَرَابٌ يُصْنَعُ مِنْ الذُّرَةِ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الْمَزْرُ قَالَ - وَكَانَ أُوتِيَ جَوَامِعَ الْكَلِمِ - فَقَالَ: كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ} " فَأَجَابَهُمْ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِقَضِيَّةِ كُلِّيَّةٍ بَيَّنَ بِهَا أَنَّ كُلَّ مَا يُسْكِرُ فَهُوَ مُحَرَّمٌ. وَبَيَّنَ أَيْضًا أَنَّ كُلَّ مَا يُسْكِرُ فَهُوَ خَمْرٌ وَهَاتَانِ قَضِيَّتَانِ كُلِّيَّتَانِ صَادِقَتَانِ مُتَطَابِقَتَانِ الْعِلْمُ بِأَيِّهِمَا كَانَ يُوجِبُ الْعِلْمَ بِتَحْرِيمِ كُلِّ مُسْكِرٍ. إذْ لَيْسَ الْعِلْمُ بِتَحْرِيمِ كُلِّ مُسْكِرٍ يَتَوَقَّفُ عَلَى الْعِلْمِ بِهِمَا جَمِيعًا؛ فَإِنَّ مَنْ عَلِمَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: " {كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ} " وَهُوَ مِنْ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِهِ عَلِمَ أَنَّ النَّبِيذَ الْمُسْكِرَ حَرَامٌ وَلَكِنْ قَدْ يَحْصُلُ الشَّكُّ هَلْ أَرَادَ الْقَدْرَ الْمُسْكِرَ أَوْ أَرَادَ جِنْسَ الْمُسْكِرِ وَهَذَا شَكٌّ فِي مَدْلُولِ قَوْلِهِ فَإِذَا عَلِمَ مُرَادَهُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلِمَ الْمَطْلُوبَ. وَكَذَلِكَ إذَا عَلِمَ أَنَّ النَّبِيذَ خَمْرٌ. وَالْعِلْمُ بِهَذَا أَوْكَدُ فِي التَّحْرِيمِ؛ فَإِنَّ مَنْ يُحَلِّلُ النَّبِيذَ الْمُتَنَازَعَ فِيهِ لَا يُسَمِّيهِ خَمْرًا فَإِذَا عَلِمَ بِالنَّصِّ أَنَّ " {كُلَّ مُسْكِرٍ خَمْرٌ} " كَانَ هَذَا وَحْدَهُ دَلِيلًا عَلَى تَحْرِيمِ كُلِّ مُسْكِرٍ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْإِيمَانِ الَّذِينَ يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ الْخَمْرَ مُحَرَّمٌ. وَأَمَّا مَنْ لَمْ يَعْلَمْ تَحْرِيمَ الْخَمْرِ لِكَوْنِهِ لَمْ يُؤْمِنْ بِالرَّسُولِ فَهَذَا لَا يُسْتَدَلُّ بِنَصِّهِ. وَإِنْ عَلِمَ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَلَكِنْ لَمْ يَعْلَمْ أَنَّهُ حَرَّمَ الْخَمْرَ فَهَذَا لَا يَنْفَعُهُ قَوْلُهُ: " {كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ خَمْرٌ} " بَلْ يَنْفَعُهُ قَوْلُهُ: " {كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ} " وَحِينَئِذٍ يَعْلَمُ بِهَذَا تَحْرِيمَ الْخَمْرِ لِأَنَّ الْخَمْرَ وَالْمُسْكِرَ اسْمَانِ لِمُسَمًّى وَاحِدٍ عِنْدَ