Observation bears this out: whoever thinks highly of logic and its practitioners, unless he has a foundation in religion and reason through which to acquire beneficial truth, will suffer corruption in both his reason and his religion. Thus, disbelief, hypocrisy, ignorance, misguidance, and corrupt words and deeds are found among them to an extent apparent to any observer. This is why the first person to mix logic with the principles of jurisprudence and similar Islamic sciences was beset by considerable confusion.

Many distinguished Muslims and scholars used to say:

“Logic is like arithmetic and similar disciplines: it cannot demonstrate the truth or falsehood of Islam, nor establish or refute it.”

Such words come from someone who has seen only its outward aspect: its discussion of simple elements, both expressions and meanings; then their combination into propositions, together with their contradictories, simple converses, and contrapositives; then their arrangement in definitions and syllogisms, and the content of syllogisms. In reality, however, logic contains many unsound notions and false claims that cannot be exhaustively discussed here. And Allah knows best.

All praise belongs to Allah, Lord of all worlds. May Allah bestow blessings and peace upon His servant and Messenger Muhammad, who calls to guidance and right conduct, and upon his family and those who follow his guidance.