and this is something no descendant of Adam has disputed in principle. They have disputed only some of its details, as have the Magians, dualists, naturalists, the Qadariyyah, and others like them among misguided adherents of philosophy, the Mu‘tazilah, and those counted among them.

As for Allah’s exclusive right to worship, it is in this sphere that widespread and predominant polytheism has taken hold among the various kinds of polytheists who acknowledge that there is no creator but Allah and no lord besides Him. As the Most High says:

“And most of them believe not in Allah except while they associate others with Him.”

We have discussed this at length elsewhere.