When their heretics, who are their leaders, go further, they say:

“We worship none but Allah, since nothing exists besides Him.”

One of their leaders said, “The Christians disbelieved only because they restricted their worship.” On this basis, they sanction the worship of everything that exists and endorse the polytheists’ worship of idols and stones. Yet they regard the polytheists as falling short because they restricted worship to certain manifestations and individual entities. Clearly, such restriction is common to all polytheists: although they share in polytheism, they differ widely in the gods they worship. One worships the sun, another the moon, another al-Lāt, another al-‘Uzzā, and another Manāt, the third and last. Each takes his own desire as his god and worships whatever appeals to him. The same applies to the worship of human graves: each fixes his devotion on the likeness of someone of whom he thinks well.

The “second group of Qadariyyah” are the Magian type: those who ascribe partners to Allah in His creation, just as the former ascribed partners to Him in His worship. They say:

“The creator of good is different from the creator of evil.”

Those among them who belong to our religious community say:

“The sins that occur do not occur by the will of Allah Most High.”

Sometimes they also say, “Nor does He know of them.” They say that all the acts of living beings occur without His power or His making, thus denying His unfailing will and all-encompassing power. For this reason, Ibn ‘Abbās said:

“Divine decree is the binding thread of belief in Allah’s oneness. Whoever affirms Allah’s oneness and believes in divine decree has perfected his belief in His oneness. Whoever affirms Allah’s oneness but rejects divine decree has that belief undone by his rejection.”

They claim that this is justice, and they combine it with the negation of Allah’s attributes, which they call monotheism—just as the former call heresy monotheism. Thus both groups deviate concerning Allah’s names and attributes. This often occurs either as a belief or