and Abū Jaʿfar al-Bāqir. It is also the view of Hammād ibn Zayd, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Sahl ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Tustarī, Abū Tālib al-Makkī, and many authorities in hadith, the Sunnah, and spiritual insight.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal said:
“Muʾammal ibn Ishāq narrated to us from ʿAmmār ibn Zayd, who said: I heard Hishām say, ‘Al-Hasan and Muhammad would say “a Muslim,” but were reluctant to say “a believer.”’”
Ahmad ibn Hanbal also said:
“Abū Salama al-Khuzāʿī narrated to us, saying: Mālik, Sharīk, Abū Bakr ibn ʿAyyāsh, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Abī Salama, Hammād ibn Salama, and Hammād ibn Zayd said that ‘faith’ consists of knowledge, affirmation, and deeds. However, Hammād ibn Zayd distinguished between Islam and faith, regarding faith as specific and Islam as general.”
(The second view): This Islam is submission out of fear of being taken captive or killed, like the Islam of the hypocrites.
They said:
“These people are disbelievers, for faith has not entered their hearts, and anyone whose heart faith has not entered is a disbeliever.” This is the view preferred by al-Bukhārī and Muhammad ibn Nasr al-Marwazī. The early scholars differed on this matter.
Muhammad ibn Nasr said:
“Ishāq narrated to us: Jarīr informed us, from Mughīra, who said: I went to Ibrāhīm al-Nakhaʿī and said, ‘A man called Saʿīd al-ʿAnbarī disputed with me.’ Ibrāhīm said, ‘He is not al-ʿAnbarī, but al-Zubaydī.’ Concerning His words,
‘The Bedouins say, “We believe.” Say, “You have not believed; rather, say, ‘We have submitted.’”’
he said, ‘It means submission.’ Ibrāhīm said, ‘No, it is Islam.’”
He also said:
“Muhammad ibn Yahyā narrated to us: Muhammad ibn Yūsuf narrated to us: Sufyān narrated to us from