and the brimming sea; and that He may be petitioned and adjured by those lined up in rows and by everything else by which Allah swears in His Book.

Allah swears by those created things by which He swears because they are His signs and His creation. They bear witness to His Lordship, His right to be worshipped, His oneness, His knowledge, His power, His will, His mercy, His wisdom, His greatness, and His might. He, glorified be He, swears by them because His swearing by them magnifies Him. We, however, are created beings, and we may not swear by them, as established by the scriptural texts and scholarly consensus. Indeed, more than one scholar has reported consensus that nothing created may be sworn by, and they have reported the Companions’ consensus on this. Rather, doing so is a forbidden form of associating partners with Allah.

Whoever petitions Allah by these things must, by the same reasoning, petition Him by every male and female, and by every soul to which He has inspired its wickedness and its righteousness. He must petition Him by the winds, the clouds, the stars, the sun, the moon, the night, the day, the fig, the olive, and Mount Sinai. He must petition Him by the secure city, Mecca, and consequently by the House, al-Safā, al-Marwah, Arafah, Muzdalifah, Minā, and other created things. It would also follow that he must petition Him by created beings that have been worshipped besides Allah, such as the sun, the moon, the stars, the angels, the Messiah, Uzayr, and other things, whether they have been worshipped besides Allah or not.

It is well known that petitioning Allah by these created things, or adjuring Him by them, is among the gravest reprehensible innovations in the religion of Islam, and its offensiveness is apparent to the learned and the general public alike. It would further follow that Allah Most High could be adjured by the adjurations and incantations written in