Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

One is to say:

It has been established that Allah is beginningless in Himself, necessarily existent in Himself, self-subsisting, and a Creator in His own right, among His other distinctive attributes. The familiar argument establishing necessary existence applies to all these meanings.

Thus, to say, “Existence is either necessary or contingent, and contingent existence requires necessary existence; therefore, necessary existence is established in either case,” is like saying: A being is either beginningless or originated, and an originated being requires a beginningless being; therefore, a beginningless being is established in either case. A being is either self-sufficient or dependent, and a dependent being requires a self-sufficient being; therefore, a self-sufficient being exists in either case. A being is either self-subsisting or not self-subsisting, and whatever is not self-subsisting requires one that is; therefore, a self-subsisting being is established in either case. A being is either created or uncreated, and a created being requires an uncreated Creator; therefore, an uncreated Creator is established in either case. There are many similar arguments.

It is then said:

Either this necessary, beginningless Creator can possess the perfection, free of deficiency, that a contingent being can possess, or He cannot. The latter is impossible, because such perfection is possible for an originated, dependent, contingent being. It must therefore be all the more possible for the necessary, self-sufficient, beginningless Being, since both exist. What is under discussion is perfection whose existence is possible and which involves no deficiency. If such perfection is possible for the lesser being, it must be all the more possible for the greater. For whatever is possible for that which is deficient in its existence must be possible for that which is

مِنْهَا أَنْ يُقَالَ: قَدْ ثَبَتَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدِيمٌ بِنَفْسِهِ وَاجِبُ الْوُجُودِ بِنَفْسِهِ قَيُّومٌ بِنَفْسِهِ خَالِقٌ بِنَفْسِهِ إلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ خَصَائِصِهِ. وَالطَّرِيقَةُ الْمَعْرُوفَةُ فِي وُجُوبِ الْوُجُودِ تُقَالُ فِي جَمِيعِ هَذِهِ الْمَعَانِي. فَإِذَا قِيلَ: الْوُجُودُ إمَّا وَاجِبٌ وَإِمَّا مُمْكِنٌ وَالْمُمْكِنُ لَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْ وَاجِبٍ فَيَلْزَمُ ثُبُوتُ الْوَاجِبِ عَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ فَهُوَ مِثْلُ أَنْ يُقَالَ: الْمَوْجُودُ إمَّا قَدِيمٌ وَإِمَّا حَادِثٌ وَالْحَادِثُ لَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْ قَدِيمٍ فَيَلْزَمُ ثُبُوتُ الْقَدِيمِ عَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ وَالْمَوْجُودُ إمَّا غَنِيٌّ وَإِمَّا فَقِيرٌ وَالْفَقِيرُ لَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْ الْغَنِيِّ فَلَزِمَ وُجُودُ الْغَنِيِّ عَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ. وَالْمَوْجُودُ إمَّا قَيُّومٌ بِنَفْسِهِ وَإِمَّا غَيْرُ قَيُّومٍ وَغَيْرُ الْقَيُّومِ لَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْ الْقَيُّومِ؛ فَلَزِمَ ثُبُوتُ الْقَيُّومِ عَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ. وَالْمَوْجُودُ إمَّا مَخْلُوقٌ وَإِمَّا غَيْرُ مَخْلُوقٍ وَالْمَخْلُوقُ لَا بُدَّ لَهُ مِنْ خَالِقٍ غَيْرِ مَخْلُوقٍ؛ فَلَزِمَ ثُبُوتُ الْخَالِقِ غَيْرِ الْمَخْلُوقِ عَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ وَنَظَائِرُ ذَلِكَ مُتَعَدِّدَةٌ. ثُمَّ يُقَالُ: هَذَا الْوَاجِبُ الْقَدِيمُ الْخَالِقُ إمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ ثُبُوتُ الْكَمَالِ الَّذِي لَا نَقْصَ فِيهِ لِلْمُمْكِنِ الْوُجُودَ مُمْكِنًا لَهُ وَإِمَّا أَنْ لَا يَكُونَ. وَالثَّانِي مُمْتَنِعٌ؛ لِأَنَّ هَذَا مُمْكِنٌ لِلْمَوْجُودِ الْمُحْدَثِ الْفَقِيرِ الْمُمْكِنِ؛ فَلِأَنْ يُمْكِنَ لِلْوَاجِبِ الْغَنِيِّ الْقَدِيمِ بِطَرِيقِ الْأَوْلَى وَالْأَحْرَى؛ فَإِنَّ كِلَاهُمَا مَوْجُودٌ. وَالْكَلَامُ فِي الْكَمَالِ الْمُمْكِنِ الْوُجُودَ الَّذِي لَا نَقْصَ فِيهِ. فَإِذَا كَانَ الْكَمَالُ الْمُمْكِنُ الْوُجُودَ مُمْكِنًا لِلْمَفْضُولِ فَلِأَنْ يُمْكِنَ لِلْفَاضِلِ بِطَرِيقِ الْأَوْلَى؛ لِأَنَّ مَا كَانَ مُمْكِنًا لِمَا هُوَ فِي وُجُودِهِ نَاقِصٌ فَلِأَنْ يُمْكِنَ لِمَا هُوَ

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