does not exist in concrete reality.

The absolute, on condition that it be free of every positive determination, is even less capable of existing. For what is conditioned by the negation of both existence and nonexistence stands in the same relation to both, whereas what is conditioned by the negation of existence pertains exclusively to nonexistence, not existence. As for the absolute without any condition, it exists as absolute only in minds.

When it is said, “It exists in concrete reality,” this means that it exists there with determinations, not that it exists there as absolute. The latter is false, even though a group claims it. Whoever fully grasps this will recognize the falsity of their position. This is self-evidently true. Yet this sound principle did not benefit them in establishing the existence of the Lord. Instead, they made Him absolute, either on condition that He be free of both contradictories, or of all positive determinations, or without any condition. Such an absolute can be conceived only in minds. Their unsound principles led them into this contradiction and nonsense.

They seek to avoid affirming any likeness whatsoever, yet they say, “Existence is divided into necessary and contingent.” Thus, the two share in what is denoted by “existence.” The same applies to the terms “quiddity,” “reality,” and “essence.”

Whatever is said to be divided into necessary and contingent, the subject of that division is shared by its divisions. These divisions therefore share a general, universal meaning encompassing that in which they resemble one another. This is a likeness that they themselves affirm, although they claim to deny everything that could be called likeness, to the point of denying the names. Thus, the extremists among the Jahmiyyah and the esotericists would not even call Him a “thing,” seeking to avoid this.