Section:
(*) This “division” mentioned by the questioner is well known in the words of the early generations. The imams use it to argue against the Jahmiyyah who deny the divine attributes—for example, concerning His being distinct from His creation and His being above His Throne. Imam Ahmad said in his book Refutation of the Jahmiyyah and the Heretics:
“An explanation of the misguided Jahmiyyah’s denial that Allah is above the Throne, although He, exalted is He, has said:
‘The Most Merciful rose over the Throne.’
And He said:
‘He created the heavens and the earth in six days, then rose over the Throne.’
They said: ‘He is beneath the seventh earth just as He is above the Throne. Thus, He is above the Throne, in the heavens, on earth, and everywhere. No place is devoid of Him, nor is He in one place rather than another.’ They recite verses from the Quran, such as:
‘And He is Allah in the heavens and on earth.’
We said: ‘Muslims know of many places in which there is nothing of the mighty Lord.’ They asked: ‘Which places?’ We said: ‘Your entrails and your abdominal cavities, the abdominal cavities of pigs, latrines, and filthy places—there is nothing of the mighty Lord in them.’
He has told us that He is in heaven, saying:
‘Do you feel secure that He who is in heaven will not cause the earth to swallow you, and suddenly it will sway?’
He, exalted be His praise, has also said:
‘To Him good words ascend.’
And He, exalted is He, said:
‘I will take you and raise you to Myself.’
(*) Shaykh Nāsir ibn Hamad al-Fahd stated (pp. 47–50):
Textual corruptions and omissions have occurred in the quotations from the early generations in this section. The following details those I have identified:
1 — P. 310: “Imam Ahmad said in his book, Refutation of the Jahmiyyah and the Heretics: ‘An explanation of the misguided Jahmiyyah’s denial that Allah is above the Throne. [We said to them: Why do you deny that Allah is above the Throne,] when He, exalted is He, has said: “The Most Merciful rose over the Throne”?’”
I say: The bracketed words have been omitted. They appear in Refutation of the Heretics, p. 92, in ‘Aqā’id al-salaf, and in al-Dar’, 1/138.
2 — P. 313: “When the argument had prevailed against the Jahmī concerning his claim that Allah is with His creation[, he said: He is] in everything, without being in contact with anything or separate from it…”
I say: The bracketed words have been omitted here, and likewise in al-Dar’, 1/147. They appear in ‘Aqā’id al-salaf, p. 97. The context requires them: in his preceding discussion, Ahmad—may Allah have mercy on him—refuted the claim that Allah is with His creation. When the argument prevailed against the Jahmī, he adopted another position: “Allah is in everything, without being in contact with anything or separate from it.”
3 — P. 314: This is quoted from ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Makkī’s Refutation of the Heretics and the Jahmiyyah. It has been compared with the same quotation in Dar’ al-ta‘ārud, 6/117 ff.:
He said: “Allah has stated that He created the Throne before creating the heavens and the earth [in six days], then rose over His Throne…”
I say: The bracketed words may be an interpolation, since they make no sense in this context; compare al-Dar’, 6/115.
4 — P. 315: “It is then said: Tell me how He rose over the Throne. Is it as one says, ‘So-and-so rose onto the couch,’ such that the couch would have contained so-and-so alone when he was upon it?”
I say: In al-Dar’, 6/117, it reads: “The Jahmī said: Tell me how He rose…” This is the correct reading.
5 — P. 316: “He has told us that He ‘rose over the Throne,’ but has not told us how He rose over it [so believers must believe their Lord concerning His rising over the Throne, and they are forbidden to describe how He rose over it], because He has not told them how that occurred…”
I say: The bracketed passage was omitted because the copyist’s eye skipped from the first occurrence of ‘how He rose over it’ to the second, leaving out the intervening words. See al-Dar’, 6/118.
6 — P. 317: “For if He were a thing falling within analogy and reason, He would be within a thing or outside it. Since, according to you, He is not a thing, it would be impossible for a thing to be within a thing or outside a thing.”
I say: The correct wording, as found in the manuscript of Naqd al-ta’sīs, is: “For if He were a thing, then, by analogy and reason, He could not fail to be either within a thing or outside it…”
7 — P. 318: This is from Ibn Kullāb’s words, compared with the same passage in al-Dar’, 6/120: “They are asked: Is it not the case that what exists in a human being is not described as ‘neither in contact nor separate’?…”
I say: The correct wording is: “They are asked: Is it not the case that what does not exist in a human being is not described as ‘in contact’ or ‘separate’?” This is the reading in al-Dar’, 6/120. It means that al-madmūm in a human being (“what does not exist in him”) is described as neither “in contact” nor “separate.” This is the basis of Ibn Kullāb’s argument, whereas the wording in al-Fatāwā concerns the description of “what exists.” Allah knows best.