Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

then they should be told:

Affirming existence while denying distinctness, co-location, being inside, and being outside is even less rationally conceivable and more evidently invalid. If any rational person of sound innate disposition is presented with the existence of a being outside the world, not co-located with it, and the existence of a being neither inside nor outside the world, his innate disposition will recoil more strongly from the latter. Even supposing that his innate disposition accepts the latter, it will accept the former all the more readily.

Accordingly, the possibility advanced by those who deny the divine attributes—that a being could exist neither inside nor outside the world—is either acceptable or unacceptable. If it is unacceptable, the foundation of their position collapses. If it is acceptable, then any evidence supporting it demonstrates even more strongly and clearly the possibility of a being existing outside the world without being spatially confined. For if the existence of a being neither inside nor outside the world is established as rationally possible, the other possibility is all the more admissible. If that is possible, the arguments they advance to deny spatial confinement do not negate His being above the world and elevated above His Throne. They would therefore have no evidence for denying this, which is precisely what was to be demonstrated.

Once the arguments by which they deny this are invalidated, it is well known that the revealed texts indicate it either conclusively or through their apparent meaning. Texts whose apparent meaning is not opposed by any evidence may not be interpreted contrary to that meaning. How much more so when it is maintained that His being above the world and distinct from it is known through innate disposition, self-evident knowledge, and rational arguments based on inference, as explained at length in its proper place.

What further clarifies this is that when those who deny the divine attributes affirm a being neither inside nor outside the world, they do not establish this through self-evident knowledge—neither its existence nor the possibility of its existence. Rather, they establish both

فَيُقَالُ لَهُمْ: إثْبَاتُ الْوُجُودِ مَعَ عَدَمِ الْمُبَايَنَةِ والمحايثة وَالدُّخُولِ وَالْخُرُوجِ أَبْعَدُ عَنْ الْعَقْلِ وَأَبْيَنُ فَسَادًا فِي الْمَعْقُولِ، وَكُلُّ عَاقِلٍ سَلِيمِ الْفِطْرَةِ إذَا عَرَضْت عَلَيْهِ وُجُودَ مَوْجُودٍ خَارِجَ الْعَالَمِ غَيْرَ محايث لِلْعَالَمِ وَوُجُودَ مَوْجُودٍ لَا دَاخِلَ الْعَالَمِ وَلَا خَارِجَهُ تَكُونُ نَفْرَةُ فِطْرَتِهِ عَنْ الثَّانِي أَعْظَمَ وَإِنْ قُدِّرَ أَنَّ فِطْرَتَهُ تَقْبَلُ الثَّانِيَ فَقَبُولُهَا لِلْأَوَّلِ أَعْظَمُ. وَحِينَئِذٍ فَمَا يَذْكُرُهُ الْنُّفَاةِ مِنْ إمْكَانِ وُجُودِ مَوْجُودٍ لَا دَاخِلَ الْعَالَمِ وَلَا خَارِجَهُ: إمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مَقْبُولًا وَإِمَّا أَنْ لَا يَكُونَ. فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَقْبُولًا بَطَلَ أَصْلُ قَوْلِهِمْ وَإِنْ كَانَ مَقْبُولًا فَكُلَّمَا دَلَّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَانَتْ دَلَالَتُهُ عَلَى إمْكَانِ وُجُودِ مَوْجُودٍ خَارِجَ الْعَالَمِ لَيْسَ بِمُتَحَيِّزِ أَقْوَى وَأَظْهَرَ؛ فَإِنَّهُ إذَا ثَبَتَ أَنَّ هَذَا مُمْكِنٌ فِي الْعَقْلِ فَذَاكَ أَوْلَى بِالْإِمْكَانِ وَإِذَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ مُمْكِنًا لَمْ يَكُنْ مَا يَذْكُرُونَهُ مِنْ الْأَدِلَّةِ عَلَى نَفْيِ التَّحَيُّزِ نَافِيًا لِعُلُوِّهِ عَلَى الْعَالَمِ وَارْتِفَاعِهِ عَلَى عَرْشِهِ فَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُمْ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى نَفْيِ ذَلِكَ وَهَذَا هُوَ الْمَطْلُوبُ. فَإِذَا بَطَلَ مَا يَنْفُونَ بِهِ ذَلِكَ - فَمَعْلُومٌ أَنَّ السَّمْعِيَّاتِ تَدُلُّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ إمَّا دَلَالَةً قَطْعِيَّةً وَإِمَّا ظَاهِرَةً وَالظَّوَاهِرُ الَّتِي لَا مُعَارِضَ لَهَا لَا يَجُوزُ صَرْفُهَا عَنْ ظَوَاهِرِهَا؛ فَكَيْفَ إذَا قِيلَ: إنَّ الْعُلُوَّ وَالْمُبَايَنَةَ مَعْلُومٌ بِالْفِطْرَةِ وَالضَّرُورَةِ وَالْأَدِلَّةِ الْعَقْلِيَّةِ النَّظَرِيَّةِ كَمَا هُوَ مَبْسُوطٌ فِي مَوْضِعِهِ. وَمِمَّا يُوَضِّحُ هَذَا أَنَّ الْنُّفَاةِ إذَا أَثْبَتُوا مَوْجُودًا لَا دَاخِلَ الْعَالَمِ وَلَا خَارِجَهُ فَإِنَّهُمْ لَا يُثْبِتُونَهُ بِضَرُورَةِ - لَا وُجُودَهُ وَلَا إمْكَانَ وُجُودِهِ - بَلْ كِلَاهُمَا يُثْبِتُونَهُ

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