As for the newly introduced matters mentioned by the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, these are matters newly introduced into religion: a person introduces a religious innovation that Allah has not prescribed. Introducing innovations into religion is blameworthy on the part of His servants, whereas Allah brings into being whatever He wills; none can overturn His judgment. Thus, when an ambiguous, indeterminate expression is singled out for use in an argument, error and misguidance result. It has been said that most disagreements among rational people arise from words having multiple meanings.

The second argument:

The invalidity of the reasoning he has presented may also be demonstrated as follows: Allah, glorified be He, is far above belonging to the same kind as any created thing—whether human bodies, human souls, or any other created beings. Were He of the same kind as any of these, such that His reality was like its reality, it would follow that whatever is possible for either would be possible for the other, whatever is necessary for either would be necessary for the other, and whatever is impossible for either would be impossible for the other. This is impossible, since it would entail that the Eternal, whose existence is necessary in and of Himself, is not eternal and necessarily existent in and of Himself; and that a created being, which cannot be independent, is independent and cannot depend upon the Creator—along with other such contradictions. Allah Most High has declared Himself far above having any equal, likeness, namesake, or rival.

These scriptural and rational proofs establish that Allah Most High is far above belonging to the same kind as human bodies or any other created things. Yet one who argues for this on the basis of His words: