Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

Shaykh al-Islām—may Allah sanctify his soul—(*) was asked about “Allah’s highness and His being established over His Throne.”

He replied:

Allah, Exalted is He, has described Himself in His Book and through His Messenger as “being on high, being established over the Throne, and being above,” in many verses of His Book. Indeed, some leading scholars among al-Shāfiʿī’s followers said: “The Quran contains a thousand proofs, or more, indicating that Allah, Exalted is He, is high above creation and above His servants.” Another said that it contains “three hundred” proofs indicating this, such as His statements:

“Indeed, those who are with your Lord”

“To Him belongs whoever is in the heavens and the earth, and those who are with Him.”

If “with Him” meant “under His power,” as the Jahmite says, then all creation would be with Him, for they are all subject to His power and will. There would then be no distinction between those in the heavens, those on earth, and those with Him. Likewise, if being established over the Throne meant having dominion over it, He would be established over all created things, and He would always have been established over the Throne, even before creating it; and being established

(*) Shaykh Nāsir ibn Hamad al-Fahd stated (pp. 44–46): This fatwa is an abridgment of his treatise on “Reconciling Highness and Nearness” (5:226–255). Someone other than the Shaykh—may Allah have mercy on him—abridged it, as certain clear indications show. For example: 1. On p. 123, “There is nothing before You, etc.” abridges a passage found on p. 228. 2. On p. 134, “Then, after a lengthy discussion, he said: This shows that everyone who acknowledges Allah…” For the omitted discussion, see pp. 249–245. The words “he said” refer to Shaykh al-Islām, mentioned earlier. Comparison of the two texts yields the following observations: 1. The original, p. 226, reads: “If ‘with Him’ meant ‘under His power,’ as the Jahmiyya claim, then all creation would be [with Him, for they are] under His power and will.” I say: The words in square brackets were omitted from the original through a copying error caused by the eye skipping ahead. They have been restored from the abridgment, p. 121. 2. The abridgment, p. 123, reads: “This is the more balanced of the two positions transmitted from Ahmad.” The original, p. 258, reads: “This is one of the two positions,” which appears more likely to be correct. 3. The abridgment, p. 123, reads: “Their texts contain statements showing the opposite of their claim.” The original, p. 228, reads: “The texts contain statements showing their inconsistency,” which appears more likely to be correct. 4. The abridgment, p. 124, reads: “Thus, what are called originated things are the exalted; they are so in themselves.” The second hiya (“they are”) does not occur in the original, p. 229, and its omission is correct. 5. The abridgment, p. 124, reads: “Thus Abū ‘Alī al-Ahwāzī—who compiled an account of Ibn Abī Bishr’s faults and refuted Abū al-Qāsim ibn ‘Asākir—was one of the Sālimiyya.” The original, p. 229, has the same wording. This is a textual corruption; the correct reading is: “and Abū al-Qāsim ibn ‘Asākir refuted him.” Ibn ‘Asākir wrote Tabyīn kadhib al-muftarī (Exposing the Slanderer’s Lies) in refutation of this Abū ‘Alī al-Ahwāzī, as the Shaykh—may Allah have mercy on him—mentions at 5:484. 6. The abridgment, p. 127, reads: “Likewise, much of what the Lord says in describing Himself as knowing His servants’ deeds serves to warn and frighten, and as raghba (desire) for good in souls.” The original, p. 232, reads: “Likewise, the Lord frequently describes Himself in terms of knowledge, and of deeds: to warn, frighten, and encourage souls to do good.” The correct wording appears to be: “Likewise, the Lord frequently describes Himself as knowing His servants’ deeds, to warn, frighten, and encourage souls to do good.” 7. The abridgment, p. 128, reads: “As a king says: ‘We conquered this town, and this army is from us,’ and similar expressions.” The original, p. 233, reads: “and we defeated the army,” which is correct. 8. The abridgment, p. 135, reads: “He has acquired faith through which he worships Allah.” The original, p. 255, reads: “faith through which he knows Allah,” which appears more likely to be correct and suits the context. 9. The abridgment, p. 135, reads: “This is a major principle in teaching people and addressing them, and in general discourse using texts they have all heard.” The original, p. 255, reads: “This is a major principle in teaching people and addressing them through general discourse using texts,” which appears more likely to be correct.
سُئِلَ شَيْخُ الْإِسْلَامِ: - قَدَّسَ اللَّهُ رُوحَهُ -: (*) عَنْ " عُلُوِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَاسْتِوَائِهِ عَلَى عَرْشِهِ " ؟ فَأَجَابَ: قَدْ وَصَفَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى نَفْسَهُ فِي كِتَابِهِ وَعَلَى لِسَانِ رَسُولِهِ " بِالْعُلُوِّ وَالِاسْتِوَاءِ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ وَالْفَوْقِيَّةِ " فِي كِتَابِهِ فِي آيَاتٍ كَثِيرَةٍ حَتَّى قَالَ بَعْضُ أَكَابِرِ أَصْحَابِ الشَّافِعِيِّ: فِي الْقُرْآنِ " أَلْفُ دَلِيلٍ " أَوْ أَزْيَدُ: تَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى عَالٍ عَلَى الْخَلْقِ وَأَنَّهُ فَوْقَ عِبَادِهِ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: فِيهِ " ثَلَاثُمِائَةِ " دَلِيلٍ تَدُلُّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ؛ مِثْلُ قَوْلِهِ: {إنَّ الَّذِينَ عِنْدَ رَبِّكَ} {وَلَهُ مَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ} فَلَوْ كَانَ الْمُرَادُ بِأَنَّ مَعْنَى عِنْدَهُ فِي قُدْرَتِهِ - كَمَا يَقُولُ الجهمي - لَكَانَ الْخَلْقُ كُلُّهُمْ عِنْدَهُ؛ فَإِنَّهُمْ كُلُّهُمْ فِي قُدْرَتِهِ وَمَشِيئَتِهِ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ فَرْقٌ بَيْنَ مَنْ فِي السَّمَوَاتِ وَمَنْ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ. كَمَا أَنَّ الِاسْتِوَاءَ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ لَوْ كَانَ الْمُرَادُ بِهِ الِاسْتِيلَاءَ عَلَيْهِ لَكَانَ مُسْتَوِيًا عَلَى جَمِيعِ الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ وَلَكَانَ مُسْتَوِيًا عَلَى الْعَرْشِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَهُ دَائِمًا وَالِاسْتِوَاءُ
(*) قال الشيخ ناصر بن حمد الفهد (ص ٤٤ - ٤٦): هذه الفتوى مختصرة من رسالته عن (الجمع بين العلو والقرب) في (٥/ ٢٢٦ - ٢٥٥)، والذي اختصرها غير الشيخ رحمه الله لبعض الأدلة الظاهرة على الاختصار، منها على سبيل المثال: ١ - قوله ص ١٢٣ (فليس قبلك شيء إلخ)، وهذا اختصار نص موجود في ص ٢٢٨. ٢ - قوله ص ١٣٤ (ثم قال بعد كلام طويل: هذا يبين أن كل من أقر بالله. . .) والكلام المتروك انظره ص ٢٤٩ - ٢٤٥، والإشارة في قوله (ثم قال) إلى شيخ الإسلام قبله. ومن المقابلة بين النصين هناك بعض التنبيهات: ١ - في الأصل ص ٢٢٦ (فلو كان المراد بأن معنى (عنده) في قدرته كما يقول الجهمية لكان الخلق كلهم [عنده، فإنهم] في قدرته ومشيئته)، قلت: وما بين المعقوفتين سقطت من الأصل بسبب انتقال النظر، وتم استدراكها من المختصر ص ١٢١. ٢ - في المختصر ص ١٢٣ (وهذا أعدل الوجهين عن أحمد)، وفي الأصل ص ٢٥٨ (وهذا أحد الوجهين) وهو الأظهر. ٣ - في المختصر ص ١٢٣ (وفي نصوصهم ما يبين نقيض قولهم)، وفي الأصل ص ٢٢٨ (وفي النصوص) ما يبين تناقضهم) وهو الأظهر. ٤ - في المختصر ص ١٢٤ (فالمسمى بالمحدثات هي العلية هي لذاتها)، و (هي) الثانية لا وجود لها في الأصل ص ٢٢٩ وهو الصواب. ٥ - في المختصر ص ١٢٤ (ولهذا كان أبو علي الأهوازي - الذي صنف مثالب ابن أبي بشر، ورد على أبي القاسم بن عساكر - هو من السالمية) وهو كذلك أيضاً في الأصل ص ٢٢٩، وهو تصحيف صوابه (ورد عليه أبو القاسم بن عساكر)، لأن ابن عساكر ألف كتاب (تبيين كذب المفتري) رداً على أبي علي الأهوازي هذا، كما ذكره الشيخ رحمه الله في ٥/ ٤٨٤. ٦ - في المختصر ص ١٢٧ (وهكذا كثير مما يصف الرب نفسه بالعلم بأعمال العباد تحذيرا وتخويفا ورغبة للنفوس في الخير) وفي الأصل ص ٢٣٢ (وهكذا كثيراً ما يصف الرب نفسه بالعلم، وبالأعمال: تحذيرا، وتخويفا، وترغيبا للنفوس في الخير). ويظهر أن صحة العبارة (وهكذا كثيرا ما يصف الرب نفسه بالعلم بأعمال العباد تحذيرا وتخويفا وترغيبا للنفوس في الخير). ٧ - في المختصر ص ١٢٨ (كما يقول الملك: نحن فتحنا هذا البلد، وهو منا هذا الجيش ونحو ذلك)، وفي الأصل ص ٢٣٣ (وهزمنا الجيش) وهو الصواب. ٨ - في المختصر ص ١٣٥ (قد حصل له إيمان يعبد الله به) وفي الأصل ص ٢٥٥ (إيمان يعرف الله به) وهو الأظهر المناسب للسياق). ٩ - في المختصر ص ١٣٥ (فهذا أصل عظيم في تعليم الناس ومخاطبتهم، والخطاب العام بالنصوص التي اشتركوا في سماعها)، وفي الأصل ص ٢٥٥ (فهذا أصل عظيم في تعليم الناس ومخاطبتهم بالخطاب العام بالنصوص) وهو الأظهر.

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