they perform it. According to the majority of scholars, including Mālik, al-Shāfi‘ī, and Ahmad, any sane adult who does not pray must be executed. The prescribed punishments must likewise be enforced upon them. If they are a group possessing armed strength and resisting enforcement, they must be fought until they commit to fulfilling the manifest obligations established by mass transmission, such as prayer, fasting, and zakah, and abstaining from prohibited acts such as unlawful sexual intercourse, usury, highway robbery, and the like.

Whoever does not acknowledge the obligation of prayer and zakah is a disbeliever who must be called upon to repent. If he repents, well and good; otherwise, he is to be executed. Whoever does not believe in Allah, His Messenger, the Last Day, Paradise, and Hell is a disbeliever whose disbelief is greater than that of Jews and Christians. Disobedience to parents is among the major sins that incur punishment in Hell.”

He—may Allah Most High have mercy on him—was asked:

“About people living in the frontier regions who raid the Armenians and others, acquire wealth, and spend it on wine and unlawful sexual intercourse: are they martyrs if they are killed?”

He answered:

Praise be to Allah. If they raid only belligerent disbelievers, then deeds are judged by intentions. They said:

“O Messenger of Allah, a man fights out of bravery, fights out of partisan zeal, or fights to show off: which of these is in Allah’s cause?”

He replied:

“Whoever fights so that the word of Allah may be supreme is fighting in Allah’s cause.”

If any of them seeks only to acquire wealth,