the scholars—even if those waters were unknown to the Muslims during the lifetime of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Likewise, the Most High said:

“Kill the polytheists wherever you find them.”

This encompasses every polytheist, Arab or non-Arab, including the polytheists among the Turks, Indians, and Berbers, even though these were not among those killed during the lifetime of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Similarly, His statement:

“Fight those among the People of the Scripture who do not believe in Allah or the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not follow the religion of truth, until they pay the jizyah with willing submission and are humbled.”

This encompasses all the People of the Scripture, even if they were not among those killed during the lifetime of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Those killed in his time were Arab and Byzantine Christians, while he fought the Jews before this verse was revealed. Yet the verse also encompasses Christians among the Copts, Abyssinians, Circassians, al-All, al-Lāss, Georgians, and others.

This and similar examples illustrate how the Quran encompasses everything covered by its wording and meaning, even when it is not mentioned by its particular name. Even supposing that its wording did not encompass something, if that thing shared the relevant meaning of what is mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah, it would be included through comparison and analogy. Thus, Jews, Christians, and Persians fall within the general scope of the verse, and all intoxicants share the relevant meaning of wine made from grapes. And He sent Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, with the Book and the Balance so that people might uphold justice.