honey, wheat, and barley. Khamr is whatever clouds the mind.”

The compilers of the Sunan—Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī, and Ibn Mājah—narrated from al-Nuʿmān ibn Bashīr that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:

“Khamr can be made from wheat, barley, raisins, dates, and honey.”

Abū Dāwūd added:

“And I forbid every intoxicant.”

Numerous hadiths have been transmitted from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, establishing that every intoxicant is khamr and is forbidden. Thus, in the two Sahīhs, ʿĀ’ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said:

“The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was asked about bitʿ, a drink made from honey which the people of Yemen used to drink. He replied, ‘Every drink that intoxicates is forbidden.’”

In the two Sahīhs, Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, may Allah be pleased with him, said:

“I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, give us a ruling concerning two drinks we used to make in Yemen: bitʿ, which is made from honey left to ferment until it becomes strong?’” He continued: “The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had been endowed with comprehensive and conclusive speech, so he said, ‘Every intoxicant is forbidden.’”

In Sahīh Muslim, Jābir narrated:

“A man from Hubshān—Hubshān being in Yemen—asked the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, about a drink they made in their land from sorghum, called mizr. He asked, ‘Does it intoxicate?’ The man replied, ‘Yes.’ He said, ‘Every intoxicant is forbidden. Allah has pledged that whoever drinks intoxicants will be given tīnat al-khabāl to drink.’ They asked, ‘O Messenger of Allah, what is tīnat al-khabāl?’ He replied, ‘The sweat of the people of the Fire, or the discharge of the people of the Fire.’”

In Sahīh Muslim and elsewhere, Ibn ʿUmar, may Allah be pleased with them both, narrated that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said:

“Every intoxicant is khamr, and every intoxicant is forbidden.”

In another wording recorded by Muslim:

“Every intoxicant is khamr, and all khamr