Majmu' al-FatawaIbn Taimiya

The Shaykh—may Allah Most High have mercy on him—said: (*)

All praise belongs to Allah, whom we praise and whose help and forgiveness we seek. We seek refuge in Allah from the evil within ourselves and from our evil deeds. Whomever Allah guides, none can lead astray, and whomever He leads astray, none can guide. We bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah alone, without partner, and we bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger. May Allah bestow abundant blessings and peace upon him.

Section:

The position of Imam Ahmad and other scholars regarding “custody of a child who has reached the age of discernment”: Does custody belong to the father or the mother, or is the child given a choice between them?

Many books by scholars of Ahmad’s school state only that, when a boy reaches seven years of age, he is given a choice between his parents, whereas the father has the greater right to custody of a girl. Those who mentioned this, such as al-Khiraqī and others, had received some of Ahmad’s statements on this question, but not the rest. Ahmad’s statements are numerous and very widely dispersed. Few have a comprehensive grasp of all his statements on many questions, given their abundance and wide dispersal, and the great number of people who studied under him.

“Abū Bakr al-Khallāl” travelled throughout the lands and compiled some forty volumes of Ahmad’s statements on questions of jurisprudence. Yet he missed many matters that are not found in his books. As for what he compiled from

(*) Shaykh Nāsir ibn Hamad al-Fahd stated (pp. 242–244): This treatise is missing its ending and contains abridgments and summaries. It appears in full at the end of Mukhtasar al-Fatāwā al-Misriyya (Abridgment of the Egyptian Fatwas), pp. 613–638, where Muhammad Hāmid al-Fiqī—may Allah have mercy on him—appended it to the abridgment. There are differences between the two versions, the most important being: 1. Here, at 34/112, it reads: “such as Kitāb al-'Ilm (The Book of Knowledge), which he compiled[, and] among discussions of hadith defects, such as Kitāb al-'Ilal (The Book of Hadith Defects), which he compiled.” The words in square brackets come from the Egyptian Fatwas version and clarify the meaning. 2. At 34/114: “Mālik’s position in al-Tahdhīb is that the mother has the greater right to custody of him until he reaches puberty.” In the Egyptian Fatwas version, p. 615: “Mālik’s position in al-Mudawwana …” 3. At 34/115: “But al-Hasan ibn Sālih ibn Hayy reported that she is given a choice when she becomes a kā'ib (a girl whose breasts have begun to develop). Giving a boy a choice. And the position of al-Shāfi'ī, Ahmad—according to the well-known report from him—and Ishāq …” The correct wording, as in the Egyptian Fatwas version, p. 617, is: “But it is reported from al-Hasan ibn Hayy that she is given a choice when she becomes a kā'ib. Giving a boy a choice is the position of al-Shāfi'ī, Ahmad—according to the well-known report from him—and Ishāq …” 4. At 34/120: “Regarding the expiation for someone who has intercourse during Ramadan: may he choose among its alternatives, or must he follow their prescribed order? There are two positions, both reported from Ahmad. Most scholars maintain that the prescribed order must be followed. However, that order is established through the account of the man who had intercourse, not through wording of general application. For this reason, some scholars ventured to require certain kings specifically to fast, holding that this order is not a universally applicable prescription, but rather a matter of tanqīh al-manāt (determining the operative rationale of the ruling). Emancipation was given precedence for someone who finds it harder than fasting, such as the Bedouins. As for someone who finds emancipation easier, he is not required to give it precedence.” I say—the speaker is Shaykh Nāsir al-Fahd: These lines appear to have been omitted from the manuscript underlying the Egyptian Fatwas version; see p. 621. Perhaps Shaykh al-Islām himself—may Allah have mercy on him—omitted them in another copy. Allah Most High knows best. 5. At 34/128: “Giving the boy a choice, as established by the sunnah, is preferable to assigning him whichever parent he loves more. Thus, assigning the father, as held by Abū Hanīfa and Ahmad … the mother, as held by Mālik and, in one report, Ahmad; and the choice is one based on desire.” I say—the speaker is Shaykh Nāsir al-Fahd: This wording is confused. The corresponding passage in the Egyptian Fatwas version, p. 627, reads: “Giving the boy a choice, as established by the sunnah, is preferable to assigning him one of his parents. Thus, assigning the father, as held by Mālik and Ahmad in his report, and the choice is one based on desire.” This wording is also confused. 6. Approximately eight further pages of the original appear in the Egyptian Fatwas version (pp. 631–638) but are absent from the Fatwas.
وَقَالَ الشَّيْخُ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى -: (*) الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي نَحْمَدُهُ وَنَسْتَعِينُهُ وَنَسْتَغْفِرُهُ وَنَعُوذُ بِاَللَّهِ مِنْ شُرُورِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَمِنْ سَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا مَنْ يَهْدِهِ اللَّهُ فَلَا مُضِلَّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلَا هَادِيَ لَهُ وَنَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَنَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ؛ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَسْلِيمًا كَثِيرًا. فَصْلٌ: فِي مَذْهَبِ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَد وَغَيْرِهِ مِنْ الْعُلَمَاءِ فِي " حَضَانَةِ الصَّغِيرِ الْمُمَيِّزِ " هَلْ هِيَ لِلْأَبِ؟ أَوْ لِلْأُمِّ؟ أَوْ يُخَيَّرُ بَيْنَهُمَا؟ فَإِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنْ كُتُبِ أَصْحَابِ أَحْمَد إنَّمَا فِيهَا أَنَّ الْغُلَامَ إذَا بَلَغَ سَبْعَ سِنِينَ خُيِّرَ بَيْنَ أَبَوَيْهِ وَأَمَّا الْجَارِيَةُ فَالْأَبُ أَحَقُّ بِهَا. وَهَؤُلَاءِ الَّذِينَ ذَكَرُوا هَذَا كالخرقي وَغَيْرِهِ بَلَغَهُمْ بَعْضُ نُصُوصِ أَحْمَد فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ وَلَمْ يَبْلُغْهُمْ سَائِرُ نُصُوصِهِ؛ فَإِنَّ كَلَامَ أَحْمَد كَثِيرٌ مُنْتَشِرٌ جِدًّا وَقَلَّ مَنْ يَضْبِطُ جَمِيعَ نُصُوصِهِ فِي كَثِيرٍ مِنْ الْمَسَائِلِ؛ لِكَثْرَةِ كَلَامِهِ وَانْتِشَارِهِ وَكَثْرَةِ مَنْ كَانَ يَأْخُذُ الْعِلْمَ عَنْهُ. " وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ الْخَلَّالُ " قَدْ طَافَ الْبِلَادَ وَجَمَعَ مِنْ نُصُوصِهِ فِي مَسَائِلِ الْفِقْهِ نَحْوَ أَرْبَعِينَ مُجَلَّدًا وَفَاتَهُ أُمُورٌ كَثِيرَةٌ لَيْسَتْ فِي كُتُبِهِ وَأَمَّا مَا جَمَعَهُ مِنْ
(*) قال الشيخ ناصر بن حمد الفهد (ص ٢٤٢ - ٢٤٤): هذه الرسالة ناقصة الآخر، وفيها اختصار وتلخيص، وهي موجودة كاملة في آخر مختصر الفتاوى المصرية ص ٦١٣ - ٦٣٨، حيث ألحقها محمد حامد الفقي رحمه الله بالمخاصر هناك، ويوجد بين الموضعين فروق، أهمها: ١ - قوله هنا ٣٤/ ١١٢: (مثل كتاب العلم الذي جمعه [، و] من الكلام على علل الأحاديث مثل كتاب العلل الذي جمعه). وما بين المعقوفتين من المصرية وبه يتضح المعنى. ٢ - في ٣٤/ ١١٤: (ومذهب مالك في التهذيب أن الأم أحق به ما لم يبلغ)، وفي المصرية ص ٦١٥ (ومذهب مالك في المدونة. . .). ٣ - في ٣٤/ ١١٥ (ولكن نقل الحسن بن صالح بن حيى: أنها تخير إذا كانت كاعبا، والتخيير في الغلام. ومذهب الشافعي وأحمد في المشهور عنه وإسحق. . .) صوابه كما في المصرية ص ٦١٧: (ولكن نقل عن الحسن بن حي أنها تخير إذا كانت كاعبا والتخيير في الغلام هو مذهب الشافعي وأحمد في المشهور عنه وإسحق. . .). ٤ - ٣٤/ ١٢٠: (وفي كفارة المجامع في رمضان هل هي على التخيير أو على الترتيب؟ فيها قولان، وهما روايتان عن أحمد، والأكثرون على أنها على الترتيب، لكن الترتيب فيها ثبت بحكاية المجامع، لا بلفظ عام؛ فلهذا أقدم بعض العلماء على أن ألزم بعض الملوك بالصوم عيناً، وأن الترتيب فيها ليس شرعا عاما، بل هو من باب تنقيح المناط، وقدم العتق في حق من يكون عنده أصعب من الصيام كالأعراب وأما من كان العتق أسهل عليه فلا يجب تقديمه). قلت (والكلام للشيخ ناصر الفهد): هذه الأسطر يظهر أنها سقطت من الأصل المخطوط في المصرية كما ص ٦٢١، ولعل شيخ الإسلام رحمه الله هو الذي أسقطها في نسخة أخرى، والله تعالى أعلم. ٥ - في ٣٤/ ١٢٨: (فتخيير الصبي الذي وردت به السنة أولى من تعيين أحب الأبوين له؛ ولهذا كان تعيين الأب، كما قاله أبو حنيفة وأحمد. . . الأم كما قاله مالك وأحمد في رواية، والتخيير تخيير شهوة). قلت (والكلام للشيخ ناصر الفهد): وفي هذه العبارة اضطراب، ومكانها من المصرية ص ٦٢٧: (فتخيير الصبي الذي وردت به السنة أولى من تعيين أحد الأبوين له ولهذا كان تعيين الأب كما قال مالك وأحمد في روايته والتخيير تخيير شهوة). وهي عبارة مضطربة أيضاً. ٦ - وقد بقي من الأصل ثمان صفحات تقريباً في المصرية (٦٣١ - ٦٣٨) غير موجود في الفتاوى.

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